Influence de la Concentration en Bromures sur la Formation de Chloropicrine lors de la Chloration des Eaux. Mise en Evidence de Trihalonitromethanes Bromes

Thibaud, H.; Laat, J. De; Doré, M.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(88)90300-4

Cited by 29 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As mentioned earlier, some of these compounds, including TBNM, have significant thermal degradation in the GC inlet. TBNM also undergoes thermal degradation at high GC transfer line temperatures (280 °C) that are typically used with GC-MS methods. , For this reason, we lower the transfer line temperature to 225 °C. However, some compounds with significantly higher boiling points, i.e., haloacetamides, may have lower detection limits with higher temperature programs .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, developing a single method for this extensive list of compounds is challenging due to their broad range in polarity and volatility, along with thermal instability for some compounds. For example, tribromonitromethane thermally degrades at high GC inlet temperatures and GC transfer line temperatures. ,, Optimization of the GC-EI-MS method included testing different GC columns with a variety of stationary phases, (5% phenyl 95% dimethyl polysiloxane; 6% cyanopropylphenyl 86% dimethyl polysiloxane; trifluoropropyl methyl polysiloxane), as well as optimization of GC temperature parameters, including the use of a multimode inlet (MMI), which allowed for a ramping of the inlet temperatures and prevented degradation of thermally labile DBPs. HAAs and IAAs were analyzed using an optimized GC tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method, which led to improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and greater selectivity for these compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trace Analysis of 61 Emerging Br-, Cl-, and I-DBPs: New Methods to Achieve Part-Per-Trillion Quantification in Drinking Water

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are a ubiquitous source of chemical exposure in drinking water and have been associated with serious health impacts in human epidemiologic studies. While toxicology studies have pinpointed DBPs with the greatest toxic potency, analytical methods have been lacking for quantifying complete classes of most toxic DBPs at sufficiently low quantification limits (ng/L). This new method reports the parts-per-trillion quantification for 61 toxicologically significant DBPs from 7 different chemical classes, including unregulated iodinated haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetaldehydes, haloketones, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes, and haloacetamides, in addition to regulated HAAs and THMs. The final optimized method uses salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction in a single extraction method for a wide range of DBPs, producing the lowest method detection limits to-date for many compounds, including highly toxic iodinated, brominated, and nitrogen-containing DBPs. Extracts were divided for the analysis of the HAAs (including iodinated HAAs) by diazomethane derivatization and analysis using a GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with multiple reaction monitoring, resulting in higher signal-to-noise ratios, greater selectivity, and improved detection of these compounds. The remaining DBPs were analyzed using a GC-single quadrupole mass spectrometer with selected ion monitoring, utilizing a multimode inlet allowed for lower injection temperatures to allow the analysis of thermally labile DBPs. Finally, the use of a specialty-phase GC column (Restek Rtx-200) significantly improved peak shapes, which improved separations and lowered detection limits. Method detection limits for most DBPs were between 15 and 100 ng/L, and relative standard deviations in tap water samples were mostly between 0.2 and 30%. DBP concentrations in real samples ranged from 40 to 17 760 ng/L for this study.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Analysis of 61 Emerging Br-, Cl-, and I-DBPs: New Methods to Achieve Part-Per-Trillion Quantification in Drinking Water

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The trichlorinated analogue of nitromethane (chloropicrin) is used as a fumigant in agriculture (), and the same compound can also be a byproduct of aqueous chlorination of organic matter ( , ). However, there is no obvious connection between the occurrence of di- and trichloronitromethane in the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Volatile and Extractable Chloroorganics in Rain and Snow

Laniewski

Borén

Grimvall

1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.

show abstract

“…the formation of HNMs was conducted in Switzerland (Hoigné & Bader 1988) and in France (Thibaud et al 1988). The occurrence of various emerging DBPs (e.g.…”

Section: The Formation and Occurrence Of Emerging Disinfection By-productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to chloropicrin, there are mono-and dihalogenated HNMs, as well as bromine-containing analogues of chloropicrin (Thibaud et al 1988). Preozonation sometimes was found to increase the levels of some of the HNMs at plants in US DBP occurrence studies (Weinberg et al 2002;Krasner et al 2006;Mitch et al 2009).…”

Section: (C) Halonitromethanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern

Krasner¹

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

249

132

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When drinking water treatment plants disinfect water, a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health and regulatory concern are formed. Recent studies have identified emerging DBPs (e.g. iodinated trihalomethanes (THMs) and acids, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes (HNMs), haloacetaldehydes, nitrosamines) that may be more toxic than some of the regulated ones (e.g. chlorine- and bromine-containing THMs and haloacetic acids). Some of these emerging DBPs are associated with impaired drinking water supplies (e.g. impacted by treated wastewater, algae, iodide). In some cases, alternative primary or secondary disinfectants to chlorine (e.g. chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet) that minimize the formation of some of the regulated DBPs may increase the formation of some of the emerging by-products. However, optimization of the various treatment processes and disinfection scenarios can allow plants to control to varying degrees the formation of regulated and emerging DBPs. For example, pre-disinfection with chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone can destroy precursors for N -nitrosodimethylamine, which is a chloramine by-product, whereas pre-oxidation with chlorine or ozone can oxidize iodide to iodate and minimize iodinated DBP formation during post-chloramination. Although pre-ozonation may increase the formation of trihaloacetaldehydes or selected HNMs during post-chlorination or chloramination, biofiltration may reduce the formation potential of these by-products.

show abstract

Influence de la Concentration en Bromures sur la Formation de Chloropicrine lors de la Chloration des Eaux. Mise en Evidence de Trihalonitromethanes Bromes

Cited by 29 publications

References 6 publications

Trace Analysis of 61 Emerging Br-, Cl-, and I-DBPs: New Methods to Achieve Part-Per-Trillion Quantification in Drinking Water

Trace Analysis of 61 Emerging Br-, Cl-, and I-DBPs: New Methods to Achieve Part-Per-Trillion Quantification in Drinking Water

Identification of Volatile and Extractable Chloroorganics in Rain and Snow

The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About