Influence of a Low-Carbohydrate and Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Ascorbic Acid, Antioxidants, and Fiber Diet on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Gingivitis

Role of Dietary Fibre in Managing Periodontal Diseases—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Studies

“…Three clinical trials from Germany [ 28 , 29 , 30 ], one from Japan [ 31 ], one from Switzerland [ 32 ] and one from India [ 33 ] evaluated the effect of dietary fibre intake on periodontal diseases. Of the six studies, five studies were RCTs ([ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]), while the other was a SFT [ 31 ]. All studies involved adult population (age > 18 years).…”

“…All six studies included participants from both genders and the ratio of male to female participants is given in Table 1 . While Bartha et al (2022), Rajaram et al (2021), Woelber et al (2016), Woelber et al (2019), and Tennert et al (2020) used participants with gingivitis (with the mentioned diagnostic criteria in Table 1 ) ([ 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 ]), Kondo et al (2014) used high-risk individuals for periodontal diseases with body mass index (BMI) of at least 25.0 kg/m 2 or a plasma glucose level at 2 h after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test of at least 120 mg/dL [ 31 ].…”

“…The Rajaram et al (2021), Woelber et al (2016), and Woelber et al (2019) studies used similar diet recommendations [ 28 , 29 , 33 ]. Although they did not specify the exact dosage of fibre, dietary recommendations for the high-fibre or intervention group were based on literature concerning general inflammation [ 34 , 35 ] and gingival or periodontal inflammation [ 36 , 37 ].…”

“…In the Rajaram et al (2021) study, the high-fibre intervention group consisted of a diet with low carbohydrates (<130 g/d intake with minimal intake of fructose, flour-containing food, rice, sweetened meals, beverages, and potatoes) and recommended amount of omega-3/6 fatty acids from recommended seeds and oils, ascorbic acid from citrus fruits, antioxidants from green tea/coffee/fruits, and fibre from vegetables and fruits while the control group followed a habitual diet without any dietary recommendation for four weeks [ 33 ]. In the intervention group, the degree of compliance to the dietary recommendation of fibre increased to 0.94 ± 0.07 at the end of the study period compared to 0.26 ± 0.20 at baseline (0 = no compliance, 1 = 100% consumption as recommended or complete compliance).…”

“…In the intervention group, the degree of compliance to the dietary recommendation of fibre increased to 0.94 ± 0.07 at the end of the study period compared to 0.26 ± 0.20 at baseline (0 = no compliance, 1 = 100% consumption as recommended or complete compliance). The control group’s fibre compliance remained unchanged at 0.37 ± 0.08 at baseline and 0.38 ± 0.12 at the end [ 33 ].…”