Influence of a Primer on the Velocity of Detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO Blends

Abstract

ANFO is the most common explosive for civil use in the fields of mining and civil engineering. Some properties of ANFO, like poor water resistance, low density and low velocity of detonation can be improved by mixing ANFO with a certain percentage of an emulsion. These explosives are called Heavy ANFO blends. This paper presents a study of the influence of a primer on the velocity of detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO blends. Three types of primers were used for the initiation of the explosives and the velocity of detonation was measured in situ by a continuous method. Based on the results of these measurements, the relationship between the detonation velocity of the primer used and the detonation velocity of the primed explosive were established.

The Influence of Time on the Density and Detonation Velocity of Bulk Emulsion Explosives – a Case Study from Polish Copper Mines

“…This is a measurable parameter that describes the efficiency of a given explosive. Many factors influence the VOD of bulk emulsion explosives, including [3]: the type of sensitiser [4], the temperature of the explosive and ambient temperature [5], the type and size of the booster [6,7], the time from loading to firing [8,9], the critical diameter [10,11] and the density of the charge [12]. As Türker [13] has noted, the determination of relationships between selected parameters of explosives and their efficiency is essential for formulating reliable and credible computational models describing the detonation process.…”

Comparative Analysis of Basic and Extended Power Models of Boreholes Expansion Dependence on Explosive Charge in Blasting in Clay Soil

“…Detonation of smaller explosive charge crushes the material in proximity of activated explosive charge. With the increase of distance from the explosive charge, the released energy is not enough for crushing materials, but instead compacts it [4,11,12,14]. Spherical volume increase made by spherical cavity blasting differ in shape and size, but in cohesive soils are typically spherical in shape [10].…”

“…Detonation of smaller explosive charge crushes the material in proximity of activated explosive charge. With the increase of distance from the explosive charge, the released energy is not enough for crushing materials, but instead compacts it [4,11,12,14].…”

“…Two types of explosive charge were used: ANFO explosives commercially known as Pakaex and the Ammonia Nitrogen Powder Explosive Permonex V19. Technical specifications from the manufacturer for Pakaex: density 0.87 g/cm 3 , VOD 2950 m/s, gas volume 984 l/kg, energy 3.7 kJ/kg and for Permonex V19: density 0.95 g/cm 3 , VOD 4500 m/s, gas volume 900 l/kg, energy 4.2 kJ/kg [14].…”

Modification of ANFO Detonation Parameters by Addition of Ground of Ammonium Nitrate(V) and Aluminium Powder

“…A number of studies have concerned the impact of the addition of aluminium powder [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], pesticides [17] and explosives obtained from ammunition delaboration [18,19]. The parameters determined were the detonation velocity [2-4, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17] (among other things, as a function of temperature [20], type of booster [21] and diameter of charge [20]), the ability to perform work measured with the Trauzl test [3,4,12,13,16,20,[22][23][24], ballistic pendulum [9], intensity of air blast waves [14,15] and estimated using numerical methods [25]. The toxic gases content (NH 3 , NO x , CO) in the products of the explosion of ANFO with varied oxygen balance, was also determined and the results obtained by experiment were compared with analogous data obtained for individual explosives having the ability to be initiated by a detonator [11].…”