Influence of awareness of reinforcement on verbal conditioning.

Sidowski, Joseph B.

doi:10.1037/h0055377

Cited by 47 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Sidowski (148) replicated the major findings of Greenspoon (63) on reinforcement of verbal behavior in a free responding situation. Sidowski (148) replicated the major findings of Greenspoon (63) on reinforcement of verbal behavior in a free responding situation.…”

Section: Stimulus-response Analyses Of Human Learningsupporting

confidence: 64%

Learning

Estes¹

1956

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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Section: Stimulus-response Analyses Of Human Learningsupporting

confidence: 64%

Learning

Estes¹

1956

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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“…Sidowski (1954) and Verplanck (1955) found that reported awareness was not correlated with performance in verbal conditioning situations. Matarazzo, el al., (1960), on the other hand, found that conditioning of human responses was positively related to reported awareness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Responsivity to Verbal Conditioning as a Function of “Awareness”

1961

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Srudies of responsivicy to verbal conditioning have rarely investigated the relationship between S's conditionability and his awareness of the contingency becween his behavior and E's reinforcing behavior. Frequently assumptions are made about the effect of awareness on performance, uiz., either that it facilitates or that it inhibits responsiveness. However, if the results of verbal operant conditioning studies are to shed light on more complex interpersonal siruacions, such as psychotherapy (Krasner, 1955;Frank, 1959), systematic study of che effects of awareness is necessary since awareness or insight is widely held co be a requisite for personalicy change. Aside from such theoretical implications for che study of interpersonal behavior, there are important methodological considerations involving "awareness." For example, at present there is no experimental basis for deciding whether to include or exclude aware Ss when analyzing the data from verbal conditioning studies.The concept of awareness can be defined operationally in many different ways. The presenc authors' position is chac "awareness" is not a single phenomenon, but refers to a complex of different cognitive events. Therefore, in the presenc study, awareness was first investigated as a dependent variable by the technique of reported awareness, which is typical of verbal conditioning studies. Awareness was then treated as an independent variable and was manipulated by means of two different sets of instructions.The issue of whether there can be learning without awareness is not central to the presenc study. The authors' position is similar to that expressed by Adams (1957) and by Eriksen (1960), uzz., that evidence for such learning is equivocal. A review of the verbal conditioning literature suggests few specific hypotheses about the conditions which lead to increased reported awareness. The typical method for collecting data about awareness in verbal conditioning studies has involved open-ended questions after completion of che verbal conditioning procedures (Greenspoon

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“…A light has been shown to be an effective reinforcer by both Greenspoon (Note I) and Sidowski (1954).…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of awareness in the operant conditioning of eye blinks

Jones

Hochhaus

1976

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The present study is concerned with the problem of awareness in the operant conditioning of a nonverbal behavior, eye blinks. Using a within-subjects design, 14 subjects' blink rates were counted and compared for four periods of 4 min each. The experimenter and the subject carried on an informal conversation during both base and reinforcement periods" but during reinforcement periods only, a light flashed on immediately after each of the subject's blinks. The test for awareness consisted of brief questioning after reinforcement periods and a more extensive post experimental interview. Only data for the eight unaware subjects were used in statistical analysis. A two-factor analysis of variance showed no evidence of conditioning without awareness; in fact, the blink rate for reinforcement periods was significantly less than the rate for base periods (p < .05). The anomaly was explained in terms of the effects of cognitive activity on eye-blink rate..

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Influence of awareness of reinforcement on verbal conditioning.

Cited by 47 publications

References 12 publications

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Responsivity to Verbal Conditioning as a Function of “Awareness”

The role of awareness in the operant conditioning of eye blinks

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