Influence of beeswax adulteration with paraffin on the composition and quality of honey determined by physico-chemical analyses, 1H NMR, FTIR-ATR and HS-SPME/GC–MS

Svečnjak, Lidija; Jović, Ozren; Prđun, Saša; Rogina, Josip; Marijanović, Zvonimir; Car, Jana; Matošević, Maja; Jerković, Igor

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.151

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Despite the use of an advanced analytical method (i.e. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy) with a limit of detection <3% [ 25 , 39 ], the percentage of adulterated beeswax samples coming from beekeepers is relatively low (9.2% for both paraffin, and stearin/stearic acid) in comparison with commercial beeswax samples (33.3% in this survey). Even with a limited number of analysed commercial beeswax samples, the adulteration percentage is similar to the percentage detected in Spain by Serra Bonvehí, and Orantes Bermejo [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Adulteration of beeswax: A first nationwide survey from Belgium

et al. 2021

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Beeswax is intended for use in the beekeeping sector but also in the agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetics sectors. The adulteration of beeswax is an emerging issue that was reported lately at several occasions in the scientific literature. This issue tends to become more frequent and global, but its exact extent is not accurately defined. The present study aims to assess the current situation in Belgium through a nationwide survey. Randomized beeswax samples originating from Belgian beekeepers (N = 98) and commercial suppliers (N = 9) were analysed with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory (FTIR-ATR spectroscopy) for adulteration. The survey revealed a frequency of 9.2% and 33.3% of adulteration in beekeepers beeswax samples (9 samples out of 98: 2 with paraffin and 7 with stearin/stearic acid) and commercial beeswax samples (3 samples out of 9: all adulterated with stearin/stearic acid), respectively. The analysed samples were adulterated with various percentages of paraffin (12 to 78.8%) and stearin/stearic acid (1.2 to 20.8%). This survey indicates that in the beekeepers samples, beeswax adulteration was more frequent in comb foundation and crude beeswax than in comb wax. With the example of this nationwide survey conducted in Belgium, this study shows the emergence of the issue and the urgent need for action to safeguard the health of both honey bees health and humans, in particular with the setting of a proper regulation legal framework and a specific routine analytical testing of commercial beeswax to ensure beeswax quality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…When detecting beeswax adulteration, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy technique has the advantage to detect adulteration at a relatively low level (< 3%) for paraffin, beef tallow, stearin, stearic acid, palmitin, and carnauba wax [ 39 ], and its ability to detect mixtures of beeswax adulterants with the same accuracy as single substances [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adulteration of beeswax: A first nationwide survey from Belgium

et al. 2021

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“…In general, unsaturated oil oxidation causes the formation of significant amounts of other products, which is a double bond type-and location-dependent process [47]. In the present study, cinnamaldehyde is a trans-styrene aldehyde in which the aldehyde group with the electron-withdrawing electron is on the C=C double bonds [55,56], therefore, according to the above discussion, the mechanism of the cinnamaldehyde oxidation as proposed is shown in Figure 8.…”

Section: Proposed Reaction Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Zr-Modified ZnO for the Selective Oxidation of Cinnamaldehyde to Benzaldehyde

Luo

et al. 2019

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ZnO and Zr-modified ZnO were prepared using a precipitation method and used for the selective oxidation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde in the present study. The results showed that physicochemical properties of ZnO were significantly affected by the calcination temperature, and calcination of ZnO at 400 °C demonstrated the optimum catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde. With 0.01 g ZnO calcined at 400 °C for 2 h as a catalyst, 8.0 g ethanol and 2.0 g cinnamaldehyde reacted at an oxygen pressure of 1.0 MPa and 70 °C for 60 min, resulting in benzaldehyde selectivity of 69.2% and cinnamaldehyde conversion of 16.1%. Zr was the optimal modifier for ZnO: when Zr-modified ZnO was used as the catalyst, benzaldehyde selectivity reached 86.2%, and cinnamaldehyde conversion was 17.6%. The X-ray diffractometer and N2 adsorption–desorption characterization indicated that doping with Zr could reduce the crystallite size of ZnO (101) and increase the specific surface area of the catalyst, which provided more active sites for the reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer results showed that Zr-doping could exchange the electrons with ZnO and reduce the electron density in the outer layer of Zn, which would further affect benzaldehyde selectivity. The results of CO2 temperature-programmed desorption showed that Zr-modification enhanced the alkalinity of the catalyst surface, which caused the Zr–ZnO catalyst to exhibit higher catalytic activity.

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“…The FT-IR spectrum of the sample was extracted and then determined by FT-IR spectrophotometer. The KBr disc used should contain 1.00% finely crushed samples [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: The Ft-irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and pyrolysis molecule of Cotoneaster zabelii Schneid

et al. 2020

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Original scientific paper https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190703035YCotoneaster zabelii Schneid is a unique wood biological resource in China, but its natural ingredients are not used effectively. In this paper, ethanol and phenyl alcohol were used to study the leaves and branches of Cotoneaster zabelii Schneid. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that Cotoneaster zabelii Schneid was rich in chemical constituents that could be used as raw materials for medicine and food. An in-depth study of Cotoneaster zabelii Schneid can provide a more accurate understanding of the value of its internal chemical composition, which can be widely applied in medicine to manufacture new drugs and promote the development of medical technology.

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Influence of beeswax adulteration with paraffin on the composition and quality of honey determined by physico-chemical analyses, 1H NMR, FTIR-ATR and HS-SPME/GC–MS

Cited by 22 publications

References 29 publications

Adulteration of beeswax: A first nationwide survey from Belgium

Adulteration of beeswax: A first nationwide survey from Belgium

Zr-Modified ZnO for the Selective Oxidation of Cinnamaldehyde to Benzaldehyde

Natural and pyrolysis molecule of Cotoneaster zabelii Schneid

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