Influence of bisphenol A and its analog bisphenol S on cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide–positive enteric neurons in the mouse gastrointestinal tract

Abstract

IntroductionBisphenol A (BPA) is used in large quantities for the production of plastics and is present in various everyday objects. It penetrates living organisms and shows multidirectional adverse influence on many internal organs. For this reason, BPA is often replaced in plastic production by other substances. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS), whose effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) have not been explained.MethodsTherefore, the present study compares the influence of BPA and BPS on the number of enteric neurons immunoreactive to cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide located in the ENS of the stomach, jejunum and colon with the use of double immunofluorescence method.ResultsThe obtained results have shown that both bisphenols studied induced an increase in the number of CART-positive enteric neurons, and the severity of changes depended on the type of enteric ganglion, the dose of bisphenols and the segment of the digestive tract. The most visible changes were noted in the myenteric ganglia in the colon. Moreover, in the colon, the changes submitted by BPS are more noticeable than those observed after BPA administration. In the stomach and jejunum, bisphenol-induced changes were less visible, and changes caused by BPS were similar or less pronounced than those noted under the impact of BPA, depending on the segment of the gastrointestinal tract and ganglion type studied.DiscussionThe results show that BPS affects the enteric neurons containing CART in a similar way to BPA, and the BPS impact is even stronger in the colon. Therefore, BPS is not neutral for the gastrointestinal tract and ENS.

Changes in the Phenotype of Intramural Inhibitory Neurons of the Porcine Descending Colon Resulting from Glyphosate Administration

“…The obtained results, for the first time, describe the quantitative changes in neurons of the enteric nervous system of the porcine descending colon as a result of oral supplementation with a low and high glyphosate dose. The literature contains study results describing the plasticity of enteric neurons, including those of the descending colon, under the influence of such substances as bisphenol A, acrylamide, mycotoxins, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or resulting from pathological conditions such as axotomy, diabetes mellitus, or an inflammation [24][25][26][27][28]. In each of the above cases, changes in the number of neurons of the enteric nervous system were determined by the dose of the substance applied, the studied section of the gastrointestinal tract, and the plexus type.…”