Influence of Butylated Hydroxyanisole on the Growth, Hyphal Morphology, and the Biosynthesis of Fumonisins in Fusarium proliferatum

Abstract

Fusarium proliferatum as a common fungus pathogen in foods can produce toxic fumonisins, which can cause animal diseases and increase risks of human cancers. On contrary, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant offers a clue for preventing growth of fungal species and inhibiting production of mycotoxins. Unfortunately, information of the inhibitory mechanism of BHA on Fusarium species is still limited. In this study, influence of BHA treatment on growth and inhibition of fumonisin production in relation to the expression of the fumonisin biosynthesis-related genes of the F. proliferatum ZYF was investigated, which revealed that BHA had a negative influence on growth and fumonisin production of F. proliferatum. To further elucidate the mechanism of BHA on the growth of F. proliferatum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the F. proliferatum hyphae. The BHA treatment induced the loss of cytoplasm and cellular constituents, as well as distortion of mycelia, but it did not directly degrade the fumonisin. Furthermore, the BHA treatment markedly inhibited the expressions of FUM1 (a polyketide synthase encoding gene) and FUM8 (an aminotransferase encoding gene) genes, which resulted in the depression of metabolic pathway of F. proliferatum. The transcriptional analyses of the FUM1 and FUM8 genes confirmed a correlation between the fumonisin production and its gene expression. This study provided some insights into mechanisms of production of fumonisin and feasible prevention to reduce fumonisin contamination in favor of human and animal health.

Antimicrobial activity, chemical composition and mechanism of action of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler) extracts

“…The physical and morphological changes of bacterial cells were due to the effect of extracts on the permeability and integrity of membrane, result in a bacterial morphological transition from rod-shaped cells to amorphous cells ( Tian et al, 2020 ; Efenberger-Szmechtyk et al, 2021 ). Li et al (2016) found that F. proliferatum exhibited the disruption of mycelia in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole, and cellular surfaces depressed ( Li et al, 2016 ), which confirmed our results. These were the same as the result for the changes in membrane permeability and leakage of cellular contents.…”

Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Fumonisin Production and FUM Gene Expression by Fusarium proliferatum

“…The spores were washed from the PDA plate with sterile water, and then conidia were counted with a hemocytometer and then diluted to a concentration of 1 × 10 7 conidia/mL before 2 mL of the diluted spore suspension was inoculated to the Czapek’s broth (CB) medium. The medium was prepared for culture of F. proliferatum according to the method of Li et al [46]. Conical flasks (250 mL) were prepared, containing 100 mL of the CB medium (3.0 g/L NaNO 3 , 1.0 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5 g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 0.5 g/L KCl and 0.01 g/L FeSO 4 ) supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose (Aladdin, Shanghai, China), cellulose, hemicellulose (FeiBo, Guangzhou, China), or polysaccharide extracted from ripe or unripe banana peel, as shown in following Section 5.2, and then sterilized for 20 min at 121 °C.…”

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate delays ripening and senescence of banana fruit during storage

“…RT-qPCR was conducted according to the method of Li et al [53] using a 7500 fast real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The relative levels of gene expression were calculated according to the 2 −ΔΔCT method with MAActin7 gene as the reference gene.…”