Influence of chlorinated water on the development of allergic diseases – An overview

Abstract

Indoor swimming pools can be used all year round and serve for one of the most popular sport pursued for recreation The positive effect of swimming arises in particular from the involvement of all the muscles of the body, decreasing the burden on the joints, as well as functional improvement of both the lungs and heart. Chlorine is typically used to disinfect swimming pool water and as a result the changes that take place lead to the formation of by-products, such as monochloramines (NH 2 Cl), dichloramines (NH 2 Cl 2) i trichloramines (NH 2 Cl 3), trihalogenometans (THM) or haloacetic acid (HAA). The highest concentration of these substances is just above the water surface and they may cause irritation of skin, eyes and mucosa of the respiratory tract. The toxic effect of high chlorine concentration and its side-products on the respiratory system is known, but the effect of low concentrations of these compounds is still not fully determined. Recent studies suggest that development of allergic diseases among swimmers may be increased by epithelial disorders driven by airway barrier dysfunction caused by chlorine irritation. Swimming in chlorinated water may be linked to symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity, asthma and rhinitis especially in children, elite swimmers and employees of indoor swimming pools. Hypersensivity pneumonitis related to the use of swimming pools may manifest as a swimming pool or sauna user lung, most commonly caused by water polluting pathogens. The article summarizes recent data concerning the influence of chlorinated water on the development of allergic diseases.

The Smell Function Disturbance in Textile Industrial Workers Exposed to Chlorine Gas

“…In the textile industry, chlorine is the main substance in the bleaching process. In the textile industry, chlorine is the main substance in the bleaching process, but can cause inflammation of the nasal and respiratory tract mucosal [10]. Previous studies reported the occurrence of lesions in the olfactory nerve in the form of redistribution of [11,12].…”

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by‐products in swimming pools

“…Studies based on serum pneumoproteins show that not only acute but also chronic exposure to NCl 3 can increase the lung epithelium permeability and thereby perhaps facilitate the transepithelial delivery of allergens to dendritic cells 46 and contribute to a T2-dependent immune response. 61,62 Recent experimental evidence in mice has shown that chronic chlorine inhalation contributes to exacerbate airways inflammation in asthma by mobilizing pro-inflammatory macrophages into the lung as well as stimulating group 2 and 3 ILCs. 63 The barrier disruption effect may occur also on the dermal layer.…”

Optimal Placement and Operation of Chlorine Booster Stations: A Multi-Level Optimization Approach

“…The calibrated model shows high dose chlorine injection in the DWTP and how chlorine behaves along with the network (Figure 4). Chlorine might cause organoleptic discomfort to the population near this point because of the smell and the taste; according to a study from Bangladesh, the chlorine taste in tap water was acceptable up to 1.25 mg/L FRC and they were willing to drink because of the safety perception under 2.0 mg/L FRC [65,66]. Initial conditions have a mean deviation for FRC in the last 24 h of 0.042 mg/L and a DEL = 340.29 mg/L, using CBS after the node RDTOT29 with a dosage of 14,462 g/d.…”