Influence of cigarette smoking on human autonomic function.

Niedermaier, O N; Smith, Michael L.; Beightol, Larry A.; Zukowska‐Grojec, Zofia; Goldstein, D. S.; Eckberg, Dwain L.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.2.562

Cited by 168 publications

(115 citation statements)

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“…Life-style factors have been reported to affect cardiovascular autonomic function [25,26]. In our study only weak and less consistent associations were observed.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

“…Besides diabetes, many other factors possibly influence the outcome of cardiovascular autonomic function tests, including age [13±15], sex [16], anthropometric factors [17], cardiovascular disease [18,19], use of anti-hypertensive drugs [20,21], metabolic factors [22±24], and lifestyle [25,26]. Since most of these associations have been described in persons without diabetes, it is not known to what extent such factors contribute to the severity of autonomic dysfunction in diabetic subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Glucose tolerance and other determinants of cardiovascular autonomic function: the Hoorn Study

et al. 2000

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Aims/hypothesis. Currently, three categories of measures are used to assess cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction: measures of the Ewing-test, measures of heart-rate variability, and measures of baroreflex sensitivity. We studied the determinants of these measures obtained from cardiovascular autonomic function tests in the Hoorn Study. Methods. The study group (n = 631) consisted of a glucose-tolerance-stratified sample from a 50-to 75-year-old group of people. Cardiac cycle duration (RR interval) and continuous finger arterial pressure were measured under three conditions: during (a) spontaneous breathing, (b) six deep breaths over one minute, and (c) an active change in position from lying to standing. From these readings, ten measures of autonomic function were assessed (three Ewing, six heart-rate variability and one baroreflex sensitivity). As possible determinants we considered age, sex, glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease, use of anti-hypertensive drugs, anthropometric factors, metabolic factors and lifestyle factors.Results. Multivariate analysis showed that eight of ten cardiovascular autonomic function measures were most strongly associated with glucose tolerance. Furthermore, measures were moderately associated with age, sex, waist-to-hip ratio, use of anti-hypertensive drugs, and insulin. The measures were weakly associated with coronary artery disease but not with lipids. The strongest determinants seemed to differ between subjects with and without diabetes: in the non-diabetic subjects the most strongly associated were age and use of anti-hypertensive drugs and in subjects with diabetes, insulin. No consistent differences in association between the three categories of measures were observed. Conclusion/interpretation. The strongest determinants of autonomic function were age, presence of diabetes and use of anti-hypertensive drugs. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 561±570]Keywords Aging, baroreflex, Type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, glucose intolerance, heart-rate variability, hypertension, lifestyle, autonomic nervous system, obesity. Abbreviations: BRS, Baroreflex sensitivity (ms/mmHg); DM, diabetes mellitus; EI difference, expiration-inspiration difference in RR intervals during breathing at 6/min (ms); HRV, heart-rate variability; HF power, high frequency power in the RR-interval spectrum between 0.12±0.40 Hz (ms 2 ); KDM, known diabetes mellitus; LF power, low frequency power in the RR-interval spectrum between 0.04±0.12 Hz (ms 2 ); LF/ (LF + HF), ratio of low frequency power to the sum of low and high frequency power in the RR-interval spectrum; Mean NN, mean of all sinus rhythm (normal-to-normal) RR intervals (ms); NDM, newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus; RRmax, maximal change in RR interval after standing up (ms); RRmax/min, maximal RR interval between 15 s and 30 s after standing up divided by the minimal RR interval within 15 s after standing up; SBP difference, systolic blood pressure 1.5±2 min after standing up minus systolic blood pressure in supine position (mm...

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“…Life-style factors have been reported to affect cardiovascular autonomic function [25,26]. In our study only weak and less consistent associations were observed.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose tolerance and other determinants of cardiovascular autonomic function: the Hoorn Study

et al. 2000

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“…Enhancement of ghrelin secretion could also be an indirect influence mediated by other factors, including growth hormone (nicotine increases the growth hormone concentration) (9 ), leptin (inverse correlation with ghrelin concentrations) (10 ), and vagal nerve stimulation (smoking affects vagal nerve activity) (11 ). Our finding that smoking is more likely to produce an acute release of intracellular ghrelin into the circulation rather than a time-or dose-dependent stomach secretion is partially in agreement with the hypothesis of investigators (4,5 ) that circulating ghrelin concentrations are related to the time elapsed after smoking.…”

Section: Smoking Acutely Increases Plasma Ghrelin Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bilirubinemia influencing front-face ZnPPIX determinations depends on the instrument (7,8), use of intact vs lysed specimens (9 ), or washing of intact cells before use (10 ). Although jaundice can be present in malarial disease, bilirubinemia is loosely correlated with disease severity (11 ). Asymptomatic parasitemic children are likely to have lower concentrations and incidence of hyperbilirubinemia.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Acutely Increases Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations

et al. 2006

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“…A large body of literature (reviewed in Kalman, 2002) points to nicotine being a source of subjective pleasure, or positive hedonic impact. Nicotine also elicits an increase in sympathetic arousal (Niedermaier et al, 1993). The classical conditioning model therefore predicts that airway sensory stimulation will elicit both positive hedonic impact and sympathetic arousal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin conductance responses are elicited by the airway sensory effects of puffs from cigarettes

Naqvi

Bechara

2006

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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The airway sensations stimulated by smoking are an important source of hedonic impact (pleasure) for dependent smokers. The learning process by which these sensations become pleasurable is not well understood. The classical conditioning model predicts that airway sensory stimulation will elicit sympathetic arousal that is positively correlated with the hedonic impact that is elicited by airway sensory stimulation. To test this prediction, we measured skin conductance responses (SCRs) and subjective hedonic impact elicited by a series of individual puffs from nicotinized, denicotinized and unlit cigarettes. Nicotinized puffs elicited more subjective hedonic impact than denicotinized and unlit puffs partly as a result of the fact that they provided a greater level of airway sensory stimulation. We found that SCRs were not larger for nicotinized puffs than for denicotinized puffs, but that they were larger for both nicotinized and denicotinized puffs than for unlit puffs. We also found that the average SCR of a subject to denicotinized puffs was positively correlated with the average hedonic impact that a subject obtained from denicotinized puffs. Together, this suggests that SCR magnitude does not reflect within-subject variations in hedonic impact that are due to variations in the level of airway sensory stimulation, but that it does reflect individual differences in the amount of hedonic impact that is derived from a given level of airway sensory stimulation. The results of a post hoc correlation analysis suggest that these individual differences may have been due to variations in the prevailing urge to smoke. The implications of these findings for the classical conditioning model, as well as for other learning models, are discussed.

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Influence of cigarette smoking on human autonomic function.

Cited by 168 publications

References 50 publications

Glucose tolerance and other determinants of cardiovascular autonomic function: the Hoorn Study

Glucose tolerance and other determinants of cardiovascular autonomic function: the Hoorn Study

Smoking Acutely Increases Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations

Skin conductance responses are elicited by the airway sensory effects of puffs from cigarettes

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