“…However, as the Ag content decreases, low-Ag SAC solders exhibit problems such as an increased melting range (217°C-221°C), decreased solderability and reduced mechanical properties (Gumaan, 2020;Sona and Prabhu, 2015;Yan et al, 2016;Shnawah et al, 2012). Many studies have been performed to solve these problems (El-Daly et al, 2014;El-Daly et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2015;Lei et al, 2016). However, these studies had little effect in improving the solder performance, solderability and the melting temperature (Jing et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2017; The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/0954-0911.htm Zhao et al, 2016).…”