Influence of cough airflow characteristics on respiratory mucus clearance

Ren, Shuai; Cai, Maolin; Shi, Yan; Luo, Zujin; Wang, Tao

doi:10.1063/5.0088100

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The shear rate range during the second interval was 1-200 s −1 , which corresponds to typical activities involving saliva (4 s −1 corresponds to the movement of particles across the tongue; 60 s −1 corresponds to swallowing; and 160 s −1 to speech, whilst shear rates of 10-500 s −1 have been proposed to reflect the shear during eating [25]). This range is also typical for processes occurring in human respiratory mucus, except for sneezing and coughing [26].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Effect of Microplastic Particles on the Rheological Properties of Human Saliva and Mucus

Przekop,

Michalczuk,

Penconek

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Pollution by plastic microparticles is rising rapidly. One avenue of human exposure to nanoparticles is through inhalation. The main source of microplastics in indoor environments, leading to unintended inhalation, is synthetic fabric used in clothing. Other sources include curtains, carpets, furniture, wall paints, and floor finishes. Occupational exposure is particularly significant in waste management and recycling operations, during exposure to high heat, during high-energy treatment of polymer composites, and during 3D printing. In outdoor environments, exposure can happen through breathing in contaminated aerosols from ocean waves or airborne particles from dried wastewater treatments. Airborne particles affect human health in various ways, including via direct interactions with the epithelium and its mucus layer after deposition in the mouth and respiratory system. Exposure due to the ingestion of microplastics present in various environmental compartments may occur either directly or indirectly via the food chain or drinking water. This study aimed to determine the effects of plastic microparticles on the rheology of mucus and saliva, and, thus, their functioning. The experiments used artificial mucus, saliva, and plastic nanoparticles (namely, PS—polystyrene and PE—polyethylene). The rheological properties of saliva and mucus were determined via the use of an oscillatory rheometer at various temperatures (namely, 36.6 °C and 40 °C, which correspond to healthy and ill humans). The results were compared with those obtained for pure saliva and mucus. An increase in apparent viscosity was observed for saliva, which is behavior typical of for solid particle suspensions in liquids. In contrast, for mucus, the effect was the opposite. The influence of the presence of the particles on the parameters of the constitutive viscosity equations was studied. Plastic micro- and nanoparticles in the saliva and mucus may interfere with their physiological functions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Effect of Microplastic Particles on the Rheological Properties of Human Saliva and Mucus

Przekop,

Michalczuk,

Penconek

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…Various SMFS reports have compared for different SARS-CoV-2 variants the influence of force on the stability of the complexes formed by ACE 2 with both the RBD or an S trimer ( 11, 12, 15 ). However, they have only explored a restricted range of loading rates whereas under physiological conditions, the shear rate applied by the airflow varies over 7 orders of magnitude ( 46 ). Hence, we conducted HS-FS to measure the rupture forces of RBD and S trimers in complex with ACE 2, over 5 decades of force loading rates (Fig.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to ACE2 through conformational selection

Saha,

Fernanadez,

Sumbul

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The first step of SARS-CoV-2 infection involves the interaction between the trimeric viral spike protein (𝑆) and the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (𝐴𝐶𝐸2). The receptor binding domain (𝑅𝐵𝐷) of 𝑆 adopts two conformations: open and closed, respectively, accessible and inaccessible to 𝐴𝐶𝐸2. Therefore, 𝑅𝐵𝐷 motions are suspected to affect 𝐴𝐶𝐸2 binding; yet a quantitative description of the underlying mechanism has been elusive. Here, using single-molecule approaches, we visualize 𝑅𝐵𝐷 opening and closing and probe the 𝑆/𝐴𝐶𝐸2 interaction. Our results show that RBD dynamics affect 𝐴𝐶𝐸2 binding but not unbinding. The resulting modulation is quantitatively predicted by a conformational selection model in which each protomer behaves independently. Our work reveals a general molecular mechanism affecting binding affinity without altering binding strength, helping to understand coronavirus infection and immune evasion.

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“…Using mathematical simulations applied to a three-dimensional human airway reconstruction model, changing PCF appears to have minimal effect on mucus clearance under normal and low mucus viscosity conditions. Increasing cough expired volume significantly improved mucus clearance ( 128 ), and may be a more clinically relevant cough metric compared with PCF. Supporting this hypothesis, cough volume can be used to detect upper airway collapse during mechanical-assisted coughing in people with NMD, whereas PCF continues to increase despite airway closure ( 129 ).…”

Section: Coughmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of lung volume recruitment therapy in neuromuscular disease: a narrative review

Sheers

O’Sullivan

Howard

et al. 2023

Front. Rehabil. Sci.

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Respiratory muscle weakness results in substantial discomfort, disability, and ultimately death in many neuromuscular diseases. Respiratory system impairment manifests as shallow breathing, poor cough and associated difficulty clearing mucus, respiratory tract infections, hypoventilation, sleep-disordered breathing, and chronic ventilatory failure. Ventilatory support (i.e., non-invasive ventilation) is an established and key treatment for the latter. As survival outcomes improve for people living with many neuromuscular diseases, there is a shift towards more proactive and preventative chronic disease multidisciplinary care models that aim to manage symptoms, improve morbidity, and reduce mortality. Clinical care guidelines typically recommend therapies to improve cough effectiveness and mobilise mucus, with the aim of averting acute respiratory compromise or respiratory tract infections. Moreover, preventing recurrent infective episodes may prevent secondary parenchymal pathology and further lung function decline. Regular use of techniques that augment lung volume has similarly been recommended (volume recruitment). It has been speculated that enhancing lung inflation in people with respiratory muscle weakness when well may improve respiratory system “flexibility”, mitigate restrictive chest wall disease, and slow lung volume decline. Unfortunately, clinical care guidelines are based largely on clinical rationale and consensus opinion rather than level A evidence. This narrative review outlines the physiological changes that occur in people with neuromuscular disease and how these changes impact on breathing, cough, and respiratory tract infections. The biological rationale for lung volume recruitment is provided, and the clinical trials that examine the immediate, short-term, and longer-term outcomes of lung volume recruitment in paediatric and adult neuromuscular diseases are presented and the results synthesised.

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Influence of cough airflow characteristics on respiratory mucus clearance

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Effect of Microplastic Particles on the Rheological Properties of Human Saliva and Mucus

Effect of Microplastic Particles on the Rheological Properties of Human Saliva and Mucus

Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to ACE2 through conformational selection

The role of lung volume recruitment therapy in neuromuscular disease: a narrative review

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