“…Furthermore, the standard classifies the power system applications into six transfer time (TT) classes according to their latency. The transmission latency of the automation architecture is compared with the six TT classes in the standard, which is a common practice for newly proposed IEC 61850 architecture [18, 27, 28]. Since the automation architecture has a transmission delay <10, the data model can be used for TT5, TT4, TT3, TT2, TT1, and TT0 applications, such as status changes, fast and slow automatic interactions, and operator commands.…”