Influence of dietary forage and feed intake on carbohydrase activities and small intestinal morphology of calves.

Kreikemeier, K K; Harmon, D. L.; Peters, J. P.; Gross, Kathy L.; Armendariz, C.K.; Krehbiel, C. R.

doi:10.2527/1990.6892916x

Cited by 70 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Feeding high-starch diets (Kreikemeier et al 1990) or infusing carbohydrate post-ruminally into cattle (Walker and Harmon 1995;Swanson et al 2002b) have consistently reduced pancreatic α-amylase concentration and/or secretion. Attempts to study the dietary regulation of α-amylase in sheep have produced differing results.…”

Section: Intestinal Starch Assimilation Pancreatic α-Amylasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were no further increases as energy intake increased to three times maintenance energy. To evaluate both forage and dietary energy effects on pancreatic α-amylase concentration, calves were fed 90% forage (alfalfa) or 90% grain (wheat:sorghum) diets at one or two times maintenance energy for 140 d (Kreikemeier et al 1990). Both pancreatic concentration (55%) of α-amylase and total content of α-amylase in the pancreas (140%) increased with energy intake, regardless of diet.…”

Section: Intestinal Starch Assimilation Pancreatic α-Amylasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review

Harmon

Yamka²,

Elam³

2004

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Harmon, D. L., Yamka, R. M. and Elam, N. A. 2004. Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 309-318. The process of starch assimilation in the ruminant is complex and remains an avenue by which increases in production efficiency can be gained. Ruminal starch digestion is typically 0.75-0.80 of starch intake. Starch that escapes fermentation and flows to the small intestine may be more resistant to enzymatic digestion and on average 0.35-0.60 of starch entering the small intestine is degraded there. Of the fraction that escapes small intestinal digestion an additional 0.35-0.50 is degraded in the large intestine. This suggests that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion do exist. This review summarizes available information describing the digestive and absorptive processes occurring in the small intestine with an emphasis on nutritional factors that influence these processes. A review of experiments measuring small intestinal starch digestion indicates that small intestinal digestion is either highly variable or poorly determined whereas ruminal and large intestinal digestion are much more clearly described. These data indicate that improvements in methodologies are needed before we can accurately describe processes occurring in the small intestine and formulate diets to optimize site of starch digestion. L'amidon qui échappe à la fermentation pour passer dans l'intestin grêle pourrait résister davantage à une digestion enzymatique et 35 à 60 % de cet amidon y est dégradé. Sur la fraction qui sort intacte de l'intestin grêle, 35 à 50 % sont dégradés dans le gros intestin. Tout laisse croire que la digestion de l'amidon dans l'intestin grêle a ses limites. L'article que voici résume l'information disponible sur les mécanismes de digestion et d'absorption qui surviennent dans l'intestin grêle, en mettant l'emphase sur les paramètres nutritionnels qui influent sur ces mécanismes. L'analyse des expériences jaugeant la digestion de l'amidon dans l'intestin grêle indique que cette dernière varie considérablement ou est mal évaluée, tandis qu'on possède des données nettement plus précises sur la digestion dans le rumen ou le gros intestin. Les données laissent croire que les méthodes devraient être améliorées avant qu'on puisse décrire avec précision les processus qui surviennent dans le petit intestin et qu'on formule des régimes en vue d'optimiser la digestion de l'amidon. Mots clés: Ruminants, amidon, glucose, intestin grêle, digestionThe ruminant digestive system provides the powerful advantage of pregastric fermentation that enables the use of structural carbohydrates and the production of microbial protein to meet the needs of the host. This complexity of ruminant digestion also offers a challenge towards optimizing nutrient supply for the host. Despite the advantages for use of structural carbohydrates, the system is not designed for use of nonstructural carbohydrates. The pregastric fermentation results in fermentation losses of 13-18% of gross energy ...

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Section: Intestinal Starch Assimilation Pancreatic α-Amylasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intestinal Starch Assimilation Pancreatic α-Amylasementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review

Harmon

Yamka²,

Elam³

2004

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…Mir et al (1977) reported the lengths of the villi in the mid-intestine of different breeds to be comparable, however, he supposed the relatively longer villi in the Holstein breed to be able to influence the total absorption of nutrients. Kreikemeier et al (1990) presumed the absorptive surface to represent the mucosal aspect of villi available for nutrient translocation. These authors observed the greatest absorptive surface in the proximal area of the bovine small intestine and they also recorded the absorptive surface to increase with increasing grain intake.…”

Section: Length Of Villi and Depth Of Cryptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kreikemeier et al (1990) studied the activity of carbohydrate digesting enzymes in Holstein and Longhorn bulls and observed it to be influenced by the type of diet and the level of feed intake. Mir et al (1997) considered the length of villi and crypts and mucosal carbohydrase activity to be an important factor in nutrient absorption; they recorded differences in these parameters between different cattle breeds, of which Holstein bulls had the highest lactase activity and the longest villi in the middle part of the intestine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of the diet on the morphology of ruminal and intestinal mucosa and on intestinal carbohydrase levels in cattle

Žitňan¹,

Kuhla²,

Nürnberg³

et al. 2003

Vet. Med. - Czech

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In ca�le, energy-rich feeding causes an increase in the size of rumen papillae and leads to considerable mucosa proliferation (Dirksen et al., 1984). In animals fed low and high energy diets rumen mucosa revealed progressive reduction and intensive proliferation, respectively (Dirksen et al., 1985). Intensity of rumen fermentation increases with the increasing intake of concentrate and simultaneously the occurring volatile fa�y acids promote the structural development of the rumen epithelium (Kauffold et al., 1977;Hofmann and Schnorr, 1982;Zitnan et al., 1998).So far, insufficient or no investigations at all have been carried out into the effects of the diet upon the development of small intestinal mucosa.According to Tivey and Smith (1989), changes in the development of enterocytes and in the structure of villi determine the digestive and absorptive capacity of the small intestine. Kreikemeier et al. (1990) studied the activity of carbohydrate digesting enzymes in Holstein and Longhorn bulls and observed it to be influenced by the type of diet and the level of feed intake. Mir et al. (1997) considered the length of villi and crypts and mucosal carbohydrase activity to be an important factor in nutrient absorption; they recorded differences in these parameters between different cattle breeds, of which Holstein bulls had the highest lactase activity and the longest villi in the middle part of the intestine. ABSTRACT: This study examined the effects of extensive and intensive feeding on the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract as well as on the level of carbohydrase activity in the small intestine of growing ca�le. Fourteen growing male bulls aged 5 months were divided into two feeding groups. The extensively fed animals were kept on pasture in the summer and in a stall in the winter whereas the intensively fed group was housed all the year long. The bulls were slaughtered 16 h a�er the last feeding at the age of 18 months. Rumen fluid samples and mucosa samples from the ventral ruminal sac and the intestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) were subjected to analyses. Evaluation of rumen fermentation did not reveal significant differences between the groups, however, the molar proportions of propionic acid were increased in the intensively reared bulls. As to the activity of the individual carbohydrase enzymes (maltase, cellobiase, lactase) no significant differences could be stated between the groups. Comparison to the extensively reared group revealed that the length and width of papillae of the ventral ruminal sac was significantly increased in the intensively reared animals (P < 0.001) and so was the papillar surface per cm 2 of mucosa (P < 0.001). The length of duodenal villi in the intensive group was singnificantly increased (P = 0.026) whereas that of the jejuenal villi approached the limits of significance (P = 0.052) when compared to the extensive group. There were no significant differences in the depth of crypts, however, the crypts of the intensively reared animals were somewhat deeper. The lengt...

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“…viscosity, pH and nutrient composition, thus affecting digestion in the small intestine. Kreikemeier et al (1990) have shown that amylase activity is decreased in intestinal digesta from cattle fed a 90% corn diet relative to those fed a hay diet. Walker and Harmon (1995) found that abomasal infusion of starch hydrolysate decreased pancreatic protein and amylase secretion relative to that secreted during water infusion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate for dairy cows on the composition of ruminal contents and faeces and physico-chemical characteristics of duodenal digesta

Mir¹,

Mir²

1998

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Z. 1998. Effect of increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate for dairy cows on the composition of ruminal contents and faeces and physico-chemical characteristics of duodenal digesta. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 121-126. An experiment was conducted with six dairy cows in a twice replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, to determine the chemical composition of ruminal contents and faeces and physico-chemical characteristics of duodenal digesta including, viscosity, pH, titratable acidity, microbial protein, total protein, starch and cell wall components. The cows were fed ad libitum, long alfalfa hay (CP = 16.6%) and a concentrate (CP = 17%) in the ratios of 79:21, 50:50 or 23:77 and the effect of diet on digest characteristics was determined to establish an association among diet composition, digesta characteristics and feed utilization. Feed intake was highest for cows fed hay and concentrate in equal proportions (20.9 kg d -1 ) and greater (P < 0.05) than that of cows consuming 77% concentrate (17.2 kg d -1 ). Increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate from 50 to 77% did not alter the composition of ruminal contents from the cows. However, content of crude protein was lower (P < 0.05) and that of cell wall components was higher (P < 0.05) in cows consuming the 21% concentrate relative to those consuming 50 or 77% concentrate. Increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate resulted in linear increases (P < 0.05) in viscosity of the supernatant from duodenal digesta, dry matter and protein content. However, a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in microbial protein in duodenal digesta was observed. A quadratic increase (P = 0.05) in starch content and linear declines (P < 0.05) in content of cell wall components in duodenal digesta with increasing dietary concentrate was observed. Content of crude protein and cell wall components in faeces was different (P < 0.05) for cows consuming the three levels of concentrate. Results indicate that the proportion of dietary concentrate affects viscosity of duodenal digesta which may be due to the presence of starch and cell wall components of digesta entering the duodenum and these characteristics may affect nutrient absorption from the small intestine.Key words: Ruminal contents, duodenal digesta, viscosity, titratable acidity, microbial protein Mir, P. S. et Mir, Z. 1998. Effet de l'accroissement de la proportion de concentrés dans l'alimentation des vaches laitières sur la composition du contenu ruminal et des fèces ainsi que sur les caractères physico-chimiques du digestat duodénal. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 121-126. Dans une expérience conduite sur six vaches laitières, selon un dispositif en carré latin 3 #M 3, nous avons observé l'effet de diverses proportions de foin de luzerne à brins longs (16,6 % PB) et de concentrés (17 % PB), soit, respectivement, 79:21, 50:50 ou 23:77, sur les caractères du digestat dans le but d'établir les rapports éventuels existant entre la composition du régime alimentaire, les caractères du digestat et l'utilisation du fourrage. L'analyse du...

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Influence of dietary forage and feed intake on carbohydrase activities and small intestinal morphology of calves.

Cited by 70 publications

References 21 publications

Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review

Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review

Influence of the diet on the morphology of ruminal and intestinal mucosa and on intestinal carbohydrase levels in cattle

Effect of increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate for dairy cows on the composition of ruminal contents and faeces and physico-chemical characteristics of duodenal digesta

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