Influence of Elbow Angle on Erosion-Corrosion of 1018 Steel for Gas–Liquid–Solid Three Phase Flow

Abstract

Erosive wear due to the fact of sand severely affects hydrocarbon production industries and, consequently, various sectors of the mineral processing industry. In this study, the effect of the elbow geometrical configuration on the erosive wear of carbon steel for silt–water–air flow conditions were investigated using material loss analysis, surface roughness analysis, and microscopic imaging technique. Experiments were performed under the plug flow conditions in a closed flow loop at standard atmospheric pressure. Water and air plug flow and the disperse phase was silt (silica sand) with a 2.5 wt % concentration, and a silt grain size of 70 µm was used for performing the tests. The experimental analysis showed that silt impact increases material disintegration up to 1.8 times with a change in the elbow configuration from 60° to 90° in plug flow conditions. The primary erosive wear mechanisms of the internal elbow surface were sliding, cutting, and pit propagation. The maximum silt particle impaction was located at the outer curvature in the 50° position in 60° elbows and the 80° position in 90° elbows in plug flow. The erosion rate decreased from 10.23 to 5.67 mm/year with a change in the elbow angle from 90° to 60°. Moreover, the microhardness on the Vickers scale increased from 168 to 199 in the 90° elbow and from 168 to 184 in the 60° elbow.

Design and Performance of Layered Heterostructure Composite Material System for Protective Armors

“…This correlation can be used to describe the energy diminution and supports, the phenomenon that, with a slow increase in strain, the strain rate hardening increases the energy diminution ability of the layered composite structure. The stress wave impedance is given by [29] 𝐶 = (6) where E is Young's modulus and ρ is the density of the material. In this heterostructure composite system, the wave impedance of both the materials are initially the same but, at a high strain rate, the strain rate hardening of TC4 is more than the 2024Al alloy, which in turn effects the wave impedance gradient and resultantly the energy diminution capability.…”

“…Layered/laminated metal composites adopt the extrinsic mechanism to improve the impact resistance and other allied properties. Hence, these structures can possess very desirable properties for lightweight applications demanding a high strength, stiffness and fracture toughness [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The heterostructure composite layered structure is being opted for extensively as protective armors in the defense industry due to its lightweight and superior mechanical properties.…”

Performance Prediction of Erosive Wear of Steel for Two-Phase Flow in an Inverse U-Bend

“…Khan et al [15] investigated multiphase erosion flow for bend angles (60 • and 90 • ) with sand particles using a flow loop. They observed that as the elbow angle increases, the erosive wear increased for the 90-degree pipe bend, and the erosion rate decreases as bend angles decrease.…”