Influence of Engine Age on Morphology and Chemistry of Diesel Soot Extracted from Crankcase Oil

Sharma, Vibhu; Bagi, Sujay; Patel, Mihir; Aderniran, Olusanmi; Aswath, Pranesh B.

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02512

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Some of the particles further exhibited crystalline regions (see Figure 7), which were found to promote wear in engines [62]. Such behaviour was observed by Sharma et al [63] for diesel engines particularly with higher engine age. Several studies suggested that the crystalline structures could stem from wear elements and oil additives [10,14,40].…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopysupporting

confidence: 66%

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Pfau¹,

Rocca²,

Haffner-Staton³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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F ormation of soot is a known phenomenon for diesel engines, however, only recently emerged for gasoline engines with the introduction of direct injection systems. Soot-in-oil samples from a three-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine have been analysed. The samples were collected from the oil sump after periods of use in predominantly urban driving conditions with start-stop mode activated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to measure the soot content in the drained oils. Soot deposition rates were similar to previously reported rates for diesel engines, i.e. 1 wt% per 15,000 km, thus indicating a similar importance. Morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Images showed fractal agglomerates comprising multiple primary particles with characteristic core-shell nanostructure. Furthermore, large amorphous structures were observed. Primary particle sizes ranged from 12 to 55 nm, with a mean diameter of 30 nm and mode at 31 nm. Particle agglomerates were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The agglomerates were found to range between 42 and 475 nm, with a mean size of 132 nm and mode at 100 nm. The distribution was shifted towards larger sizes with a minor concentration of very large agglomerates observed around 382 nm. While deposition rate and agglomerate morphology were similar to diesel engines, distinctive amorphous carbon and smaller particles were observed. Hence, existing knowledge for diesel applications might not be directly transferrable.

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Section: Transmission Electron Microscopysupporting

confidence: 66%

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Pfau¹,

Rocca²,

Haffner-Staton³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sharma et al [58] observed such behaviour in diesel engines particularly with increasing engine age. However, here crystalline regions are only observed in the GTDI samples, suggesting a difference between the soot types.…”

Section: Hrtemmentioning

confidence: 86%

Comparative nanostructure analysis of gasoline turbocharged direct injection and diesel soot-in-oil with carbon black

Pfau

Rocca

Haffner-Staton

et al. 2018

Carbon

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a b s t r a c tTwo gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) and two diesel soot-in-oil samples were compared with one flame-generated soot sample. High resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging was employed for the initial qualitative assessment of the soot morphology. Carbon black and diesel soot both exhibit core-shell structures, comprising an amorphous core surrounded by graphene layers; only diesel soot has particles with multiple cores. In addition to such particles, GTDI soot also exhibits entirely amorphous structures, of which some contain crystalline particles only a few nanometers in diameter. Subsequent quantification of the nanostructure by fringe analysis indicates differences between the samples in terms of length, tortuosity, and separation of the graphitic fringes. The shortest fringes are exhibited by the GTDI samples, whilst the diesel soot and carbon black fringes are 9.7% and 15.1% longer, respectively. Fringe tortuosity is similar across the internal combustion engine samples, but lower for the carbon black sample. In contrast, fringe separation varies continuously among the samples. Raman spectroscopy further confirms the observed differences. The GTDI soot samples contain the highest fraction of amorphous carbon and defective graphitic structures, followed by diesel soot and carbon black respectively. The A D1 :A G ratios correlate linearly with both the fringe length and fringe separation.

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“…Raman spectroscopy can be used to characterize crystallite and molecular structures of soot particles. 33 Different structural characteristics of PM can be distinguished 53 according to the fitted curves from the Raman spectrum (see Figure 1) with different peaks explained in Table 2. It is worth mentioning that the Raman spectra recorded at λ = 633 nm also exhibited second order spectra above 2000 cm −1 Raman shift, but only the first order spectra were considered for further analysis.…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Alternative Fuels on Morphological and Nanostructural Characteristics of Soot Emissions from an Aviation Piston Engine

Wang

2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Soot emissions from aviation piston engines (APEs) are a major source of environment pollution in airport vicinity, stratosphere, and troposphere, and their nanostructure and surface chemistry play a critical role in determining the impact on human health and environment. In this work, the morphology and nanostructure of soot emitted from an aviation piston engine burning five different fuels including blends of promising alternative jet and biofuels were investigated via highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The graphitic structures were observed by analyzing primary particles in the HRTEM images. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the separation distance of the graphene layers of soot particles from the kerosene−pentanol blend combustion was larger than that from kerosene-Fischer−Tropsch blend combustion, indicating that adding pentanol tended to generate particles with more loosely stacked layers and higher oxidation tendency. Raman results were in agreement with primary particle nanostructure analysis based on the HRTEM images. Furthermore, soot particles from different fuels exhibited different concentrations of amorphous carbon and structural defects.

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Influence of Engine Age on Morphology and Chemistry of Diesel Soot Extracted from Crankcase Oil

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Comparative nanostructure analysis of gasoline turbocharged direct injection and diesel soot-in-oil with carbon black

Impacts of Alternative Fuels on Morphological and Nanostructural Characteristics of Soot Emissions from an Aviation Piston Engine

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