Influence of Familiarization of Preschool Children With Motor Tests on Test Results and Reliability Coefficients

Tomac, Zvonimir; Hraski, Željko

doi:10.1177/0031512516669608

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In this regard, previous studies reported that the induced residual learning effect can reach 60 days [39,40]. A recent study showed that motor test performance in preschool children peaked at the fourth or fifth session [41]. Therefore, the clear improvement of our second trial may be related to the carryover learning or warm-up effect induced from the first trial, especially when preschoolers were not fully familiar with the performance of motor tasks.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 77%

“…Therefore, the clear improvement of our second trial may be related to the carryover learning or warm-up effect induced from the first trial, especially when preschoolers were not fully familiar with the performance of motor tasks. Tomac and Hraski [41] recommended using five trials for each testing item for preschool children to remove the potential learning effect from the first few attempts without provoking transformational effects. Therefore, practitioners and researchers of future studies should provide at least four and optimally five relevant familiarization sessions before using NPFM when conducting fitness tests on preschool children, with each test having five trials to maximize the consistency.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraday reliability, sensitivity, and minimum detectable change of national physical fitness measurement for preschool children in China

Hua

Ho²

2020

PLoS ONE

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China General Administration of Sport has published and adopted the National Physical Fitness Measurement (NPFM—preschool children version) since 2000. However, studies on intraday reliability, sensitivity, and minimum detectable change (MDC) are lacking. This study aimed to investigate and compare the reliability, sensitivity, and MDC values of NPFM in preschool children between the ages of 3.5 to 6 years. Six items of NPFM including 10-m shuttle run, standing long jump, balance beam walking, sit-and-reach, tennis throwing, and double-leg timed hop, were tested for 209 Chinese kindergarten children in Beijing in the morning. Intraday relative reliability was tested using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) with a 95% confidence interval while absolute reliability was expressed in standard error of measurement (SEM) and percentage of coefficient of variation (CV%). Test sensitivity was assessed by comparing the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) with SEM, while MDC values with 95% confidence interval (MDC95) were established. Measurements in most groups, except 10-m shuttle run test (ICC3,1: 0.56 to 0.74 [moderate]) in the 3.5 to 5.5-year-old groups, balance beam test in 4- and 5-year-old (ICC3,1: 0.33 to 0.35 [poor]) and 5.5-year-old (ICC3,1 = 0.68 [moderate]) groups, and double-leg timed hop test (ICC3,1 = 0.67 [moderate]) in the 4.5-year-old group, demonstrated good to excellent relative reliability (ICC3,1: 0.77 to 0.97). The balance beam walking test showed poor absolute reliability in all the groups (SEM%: 11.76 to 22.28 and CV%: 15.40 to 24.78). Both standing long jump and sit-and-reach tests demonstrated good sensitivity (SWC > SEM) in all subjects group, boys, and girls. Pairwise comparison revealed systematic bias with significantly better performance in the second trial (p<0.01) of all the tests with moderate to large effect size.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Intraday reliability, sensitivity, and minimum detectable change of national physical fitness measurement for preschool children in China

Hua

Ho²

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…Therefore, the low reliability of the RAG_DND is most likely accentuated by the consequence of test-complexity (e.g., dribbling performed in RAG-circumstances), combined with the players’ non-familiarity with the movement templates performed on the non-dominant side. It is possible that additional familiarization trials, and/or an increased number of testing trials might have increased the reliability of RAG_DND, as it has been suggested previously for other fitness components [41]. However, it must be stated that futsal players frequently perform on one side of the court, and most of them use specialized movement templates that are almost exclusively executed on the dominant-side.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols

Sekulić

Foretić

Gilić

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-testing reliability of newly developed tests of the change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG) in competitive futsal players. Additionally, the developed tests were evaluated for their validity with regard to the differentiation of two performance-levels. Thirty-two professional male futsal players (age = 26.22 ± 5.22 years; body height = 182.13 ± 5.99 cm, body mass = 77.43 ± 8.00 kg) participated in the study. The sample was divided into two groups based on their level of futsal performance: A top-level-group (n = 12) and a team-level-group (n = 20). The variables included body height, mass, body mass index, a sprint over a 10-m distance (S10M), and eight newly developed futsal specific CODS and RAG tests. The CODS and RAG tests were performed by dribbling the balls (CODS_D and RAG_D) and without dribbling (CODS_T and RAG_T), and the performances on the dominant and non-dominant sides were observed separately. All CODS, and RAG tests performed on dominant side and RAG_T tests performed on the non-dominant side had good inter-testing (CV = 5–8%; ICC = 0.76–0.89) and intra-testing (CV = 4–9%; ICC = 0.77–0.91) reliability. However, RAG_D performed on the non-dominant side was not reliable (ICC = 0.60, CV = 10%). The top-level-players outperformed the team-level-players in the CODS and RAG tests that involved dribbling (t-test: 4.28 and 2.40, p < 0.05; effect sizes (ES): 0.81 and 1.5, respectively), while the team-level players achieved better results in the CODS_T (t-test: 2.08, p < 0.05; ES: 0.60). The proposed CODS and RAG tests that involved dribbling over a 3.2-m distance, especially on the dominant side, appeared to be reliable, as well as valid for distinguishing the performance level in futsal players.

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“…In the research of Tomac and Hraski (2016) results showed that children need more than three series for a familiarization with the test and for a stabilization of the results, as it was observed from the test performances of explosive strength, whereby there were no statistically significant differences except between the fourth and sixth series of measurements. In similar study statistically significant differences were identified in the vertical jump test from the fourth test session in relation to the first session, while statistically significant difference for standing long jump test was only found in the final sixth session (Vrbik et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The results of motor tests in preschool children are affected by several factors. The quality of demonstration is important, as well as the impact of motivation, and the adaptability of the individual child on the overall situation in which the measurements are being conducted (Tomac & Hraski, 2016). Also, authors generally agree that it is necessary to prevent systematic measurement errors so as to achieve high test reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of familiarization on preschool children's motor tests results

Međedović¹,

Romanov²,

Zubanov³

et al. 2018

Acta Gymnica

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age. Immaturity of neuromuscular system and body size and composition, rather than weak motor coordination, is a limiting factor in performing a certain movement (Malina & Bouchard, 1991). Specific skills can be developed through movement repetition only if a relevant level of motor maturity has been attained (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992). Motor skill development and learning influence the entire growth and development of the children (Barnett, van Beurden, Morgan, Brooks, & Beard, 2008; Fisher et al., 2005). During early childhood motor skills are still in a very intensive stage of development. Because of complexity of children's motor skills, it is very difficult to find research result in which those motor dimensions are completely isolated as in the adult population, and researchers using the same protocols encounter some problems and suggest new methods and standards and tests that could better identify the motor status of a child (Tomac, Hraski, & Sporis, 2012). Motor development should have the role of a control parameter in a child's entire development

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Influence of Familiarization of Preschool Children With Motor Tests on Test Results and Reliability Coefficients

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Intraday reliability, sensitivity, and minimum detectable change of national physical fitness measurement for preschool children in China

Intraday reliability, sensitivity, and minimum detectable change of national physical fitness measurement for preschool children in China

Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols

Influence of familiarization on preschool children's motor tests results

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