Influence of gender, menstrual phase, and oral contraceptive use on immunological changes in response to prolonged cycling

Timmons, Brian W.; Hamadeh, Mazen J.; Devries, Michaela C.; Tarnopolsky, Mark A.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00171.2005

Cited by 86 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The physiological significance of these differences is yet to be elucidated. Sex hormones are known to play a role in the immune system at rest (Timmons, Hamadeh, Devries, & Tarnopolsky, 2005). However, Burrows, Bird, and Bishop (2002) found no differences in s-IgA in a group of highly trained female endurance athletes over the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of a Fed or Fasted State on the s-IgA Response to Prolonged Cycling in Active Men and Women

Allgrove¹,

Geneen²,

Latif³

et al. 2009

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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This study investigated the effect of a fed or fasted state on the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) response to prolonged cycling. Using a randomized, crossover design, 16 active adults (8 men and 8 women) performed 2 hr of cycling on a stationary ergometer at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake on 1 occasion after an overnight fast (FAST) and on another occasion 2 hr after consuming a 2.2-MJ high-carbohydrate meal (FED). Timed, unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected immediately before ingestion of the meal, immediately preexercise, 5 min before cessation of exercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 hr postexercise. The samples were analyzed for s-IgA concentration, osmolality, and cortisol, and saliva flow rates were determined to calculate s-IgA secretion rate. Saliva flow rate decreased by 50% during exercise (p < .05), and s-IgA concentration increased by 42% (p < .05), but s-IgA secretion rate remained unchanged. There was a 37% reduction in s-IgA:osmolality postexercise (p < .05), and salivary cortisol increased by 68% (p < .05). There was no effect of FED vs. FAST on these salivary responses. The s-IgA concentration, secretion rate, and osmolality were found to be significantly lower in women than in men throughout the exercise protocol (p < .05); however, there was no difference between genders in saliva flow rate, s-IgA:osmolality ratio, or cortisol. These data demonstrate that a fed or fasted state 2 hr before exercise does not influence resting s-IgA or the response to prolonged cycling. Furthermore, these results show lower levels of s-IgA and osmolality in women than in men at rest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of a Fed or Fasted State on the s-IgA Response to Prolonged Cycling in Active Men and Women

Allgrove¹,

Geneen²,

Latif³

et al. 2009

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Rowers completed two experimental testing sessions during the FP (determined as days 7-11 from onset of menstruation, mean day 9 ± 2 for the main experiment) and the LP (determined as days 18-22 from onset of menstruation, mean day 20 ± 2 for the main experiment) of the menstrual cycle (2,26,28,29). Information about previous menstrual cycles was used to identify the phases of the menstrual cycle (3,21).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiponectin and osteocalcin responses to rowing exercise, and the relationship to substrate oxidation in female rowers

et al. 2016

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This study investigated the effects of acute exercise and menstrual phase on adiponectin and osteocalcin concentrations, and the possible role of these biomarkers in exercise-induced substrate oxidation in rowers. Thirteen female rowers (19.3 ± 2.3 years; height: 172.7 ± 3.9 cm; body mass: 66.5 ± 7.9 kg) performed 1-h rowing ergometer exercise at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) during follicular phase and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), total energy expenditure (EE), carbohydrate EE, and lipid EE were assessed during the exercise. Venous blood samples were collected before and after ergometer exercise. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in substrate oxidation values during exercise across menstrual cycle. Exercise resulted in an acute rise in osteocalcin and no changes in adiponectin at both menstrual cycle phases. Adiponectin and osteocalcin were not related across phase or time (r < 0.211; p > 0.05). Post-exercise adiponectin was related (p < 0.05) to mean VO 2 (r = 0.459) and total EE rate (r = 0.598), while post-exercise osteocalcin was correlated (p < 0.05) with mean total (r = 0.411) and lipid (r = 0.557) EE rates. In conclusion, menstrual cycle phase had no effect on substrate oxidation, and adiponectin and osteocalcin responses to acute exercise. It appears that adiponectin and osteocalcin may serve as signals for metabolic reaction to the energy cost of the acute exercise in female rowers.

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“…Exercise-induced IL-6 changes were similar between males and females following 90 minutes cycling at 65% of maximal aerobic power [13]. Interestingly, the exercise-induced change in IL-6 was approximately 80% greater in non-oral contraceptive users compared to oral contraceptive users during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, but was similar during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Cytokine response to typical field sports practices in adolescent athletes

Eliakim

Nemet

2015

AKUT

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The present study compares previous reports on the effect of "real-life" typical field individual (i.e. cross country running and wrestling -representing combat versus non-combat sports) and team sports (i.e. volleyball and water-polo -representing water and land team sports) training on pro (IL-6) and anti (IL-1 receptor antagonist -IL-1ra) inflammatory mediators in male and female late pubertal athletes. An increase in IL-6 was found following each of the training sessions. In contrast, a significant increase in IL-1ra was found only following the cross-country, wrestling and water-polo practices and not following the volleyball practices in both genders. There was no difference in the inflammatory response between individual and team sports practices. The inflammatory response to the typical practices was correlated with the practice-associated lactate change. The greatest increase in IL-6 and IL-1ra occurred following contact sport practices, and was greater following land (wrestling) compared to the water (water-polo) practice suggesting that this increase may reflect muscle tissue damage and not necessarily training intensity. Further research is needed to better understand the influence of "real-life" typical training on exercise training adaptations of adolescent athletes.

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Influence of gender, menstrual phase, and oral contraceptive use on immunological changes in response to prolonged cycling

Cited by 86 publications

References 57 publications

Influence of a Fed or Fasted State on the s-IgA Response to Prolonged Cycling in Active Men and Women

Influence of a Fed or Fasted State on the s-IgA Response to Prolonged Cycling in Active Men and Women

Adiponectin and osteocalcin responses to rowing exercise, and the relationship to substrate oxidation in female rowers

Cytokine response to typical field sports practices in adolescent athletes

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