Influence of Interfacial Area on Exciton Separation and Polaron Recombination in Nanostructured Bilayer All-Polymer Solar Cells

Pfadler, Thomas; Coric, Mihael; Palumbiny, Claudia M.; Jakowetz, Andreas C.; Strunk, Karl‐Philipp; Dorman, James; Ehrenreich, Philipp; Wang, Cheng; Hexemer, Alexander; Png, Rui‐Qi; Ho, Peter K. H.; Müller‐Buschbaum, Peter; Weickert, Jonas; Schmidt‐Mende, Lukas

doi:10.1021/nn5064166

Cited by 41 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Nanoimprinting is essentially an embossing technique whereby a patterned mold is pressed onto a material of interest mostly at increased temperature and pressure conditions to transfer geometry from the mold onto the material of interest. [140] Silicon (Si), [140,141] anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) [142][143][144][145][146] and PDMS [137,147] are usually used as nanoimprinting molds. He et al used this method to fabricate an all-polymer solar cell based on P3HT and P8TBT (Figure 8).…”

Section: Stamping/lamination and Nano Imprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells

Wang

Zhan

2016

Advanced Energy Materials

104

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Layer‐by‐layer (LL) processes, i.e., sequential deposition of different active layers, are widely used in the fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs). Recently, LL vacuum deposition and LL solution processes have attracted considerable attention. LL processing presents some advantages over the blend method: a) donor and acceptor layers can be easily and independently controlled and optimized; b) the charge carriers dissociated from excitons at the donor–acceptor interface are confined to each phase, so bimolecular recombination losses can be reduced; c) bilayer geometries enable an easier way for understanding the physical processes taking place at the donor–acceptor interface; d) desired vertical phase separation for charge extraction can be obtained through changing the sequence of donor and acceptor deposition. This report summarizes the recent developments of LL processed OSCs. The remaining problems and challenges, and the key research direction in near future are discussed.

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Section: Stamping/lamination and Nano Imprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells

Wang

Zhan

2016

Advanced Energy Materials

104

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“…The pores start to form due to local electric field enhancement induced by film roughness and cracks in the oxide layer. 25 The current increases during the progression of the pores through the Al film (2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…y SJ = 0.66x − 15.32 [1] y PW = 1.67x − 19.54 [2] where x is the anodizing voltage, y SJ is the stopping current density threshold and y PW is the minimum pore widening time to completely remove the barrier layer. The interpore distance and widened pore diameter at different anodizing voltage are examined from the SEM images (see Figures S3 in Supporting Information), and summarized in Table I.…”

Section: Aao Template-figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniform Large-Area Free-Standing Silver Nanowire Arrays on Transparent Conducting Substrates

Feng

Kim

Nemitz

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Arrays of silver nanowires have received increasing attention in a variety of applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), plasmonic biosensing and electrode for photoelectric devices. However, until now, large scale fabrication of device-suitable silver nanowire arrays on supporting substrates has seen very limited success. Here we show the synthesis of free-standing silver nanowire arrays on indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass by pulsed electrodeposition into anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. We use an in situ oxygen plasma cleaning process and a sputtered Ti layer to enhance the adhesion between the template and ITO glass. An ultrathin gold layer (2 nm) is deposited as a nucleation layer for the electrodeposition of silver. An unprecedented high level of uniformity and control of the nanowire diameter, spacing and length has been achieved. In photovoltaics nanowire arrays are of particular interest for costeffective organic and hybrid solar cells, whose near-optimal architecture is proposed to consist of arrays of nanostructures (approximately 200 nm long).12,13 The major advantage to using nanowire arrays is the enhancement of the charge collection due to the high charge carrier mobility in the metallic and some semiconductor nanowires. 13,14 However, due to the huge junction area, most semiconductor nanowire solar cells face limitations in device performance due to charge recombination across material interfaces, 13,14 leading to poor solar cell performance. Many research groups have tried to address this issue by developing metal oxide core-shell nanowire arrays. [15][16][17] In this work, a conductive metal oxide core (e.g. ZnO) is coated with a shell layer with an offset conduction band (e.g. TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) in order to further increase distance between electron-hole pairs while simultaneously promoting charge extraction along the axis of the nanowire. This phenomenon was further employed in doped TiO 2 core-shell wires to amplify the electron mobility in the core of the wire without forming a recombination center along the internal interface.18 However, to ultimately enhance the performance of organic solar cells, a hybrid core-shell nanostructure with enhanced charge mobilities could provide an optimal electrode, e.g. a Ag nanowire with an inorganic shell layer. Additionally, these wires promote field amplification via plasmonic resonance as well as acting as a light scatterer, 19 leading to an increase in absorption in the surrounding active layers of the organic solar cells.For our approach, we use an industrially-applicable method for producing silver nanowires on a large area via filling anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates using electrodeposition. AAO was first introduced as a self-organizing mesoporous structure by Keller et al. in 1953. 20 Much research was later conducted to improve the formation and to fabricate AAO pores with various pore distances and diameters using thick (∼ mm) bulk Al foils. 21 Recently, it has been shown that the production of AAO templates ...

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“…This type of morphologies find application in processes like catalysis where the interfacial area is critical for performance (Pfadler et al (2014)). Imposing low Biot number conditions initially result in the formation of a percolating morphology.…”

Section: Characterizing the Final Morphology As A Function Of Biotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology control in polymer blend fibers—a high throughput computing approach

Pokuri¹,

Ganapathysubramanian²

2016

Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Fibers made from polymer blends have conventionally enjoyed wide use, particularly in textiles. This wide applicability is primarily aided by the ease of manufacturing such fibers. More recently, the ability to tailor the internal morphology of polymer blend fibers by carefully designing processing conditions has enabled such fibers to be used in technologically relevant applications. Some examples include anisotropic insulating properties for heat and anisotropic wicking of moisture, coaxial morphologies for optical applications as well as fibers with high internal surface area for filtration and catalysis applications. However, identifying the appropriate processing conditions from the large space of possibilities using conventional trialand-error approaches is a tedious and resource-intensive process. Here, we illustrate a high throughput computational approach to rapidly explore and characterize how processing conditions (specifically blend ratio and evaporation rates) affect the internal morphology of polymer blends during solvent based fabrication. We focus on a P S : P M M A system and identify two distinct classes of morphologies formed due to variations in the processing conditions. We subsequently map the processing conditions to the morphology class, thus constructing a "phase diagram" that enables rapid identification of processing parameters for specific morphology class. We finally demonstrate the potential for time dependant processing conditions to get desired features of the morphology. This opens up the possibility of rational stage-wise design of processing pathways for tailored fiber morphology using high throughput computing.a) Corresponding

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Influence of Interfacial Area on Exciton Separation and Polaron Recombination in Nanostructured Bilayer All-Polymer Solar Cells

Cited by 41 publications

References 62 publications

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells

Uniform Large-Area Free-Standing Silver Nanowire Arrays on Transparent Conducting Substrates

Morphology control in polymer blend fibers—a high throughput computing approach

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