Influence of low light intensity and soil flooding on cacao physiology

Branco, Márcia Christina da Silva; Almeida, Alex-Alan Furtado de; Dalmolin, Ândrea Carla; Ahnert, Dário; Baligar, V. C.

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.01.038

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…High values of F v /F m indicated high PSII maximum light conversion efficiencies. In healthy organisms, the F v /F m value is 0.8-0.84 in most C3 plant species, but the value decreases significantly when plants are exposed to stress (da Silva Branco et al, 2017;Kalaji et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2004). In this study, we observed that F v /F m was closely related to light intensity (P < 0.05, ANOVA), temperature (P < 0.05, ANOVA), and the interaction between light intensity and temperature (P < 0.05, ANOVA) ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Photosynthesis, and Nutrient Uptake at Different Light Intensities and Temperatures in Lettuce

Zhou¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2019

horts

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Light and temperature are two crucial factors affecting plant growth. Light intensities vary considerably with season and weather conditions. Reasonable light regulation at different temperatures is a key issue in environmental regulation. In this study, we determined the effects of light intensity and temperature on crop growth and development. Furthermore, we determined an optimal light value and a suitable light range at different temperatures for producing the lettuce Lactuca sativa L. Artificial climate chamber experiments were conducted at five light intensities (100, 200, 350, 500, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1), as well as at low (15 °C/10 °C), medium (23 °C/18 °C), and high (30 °C/25 °C) temperatures. In these experiments, we investigated the photosynthetic rate; chlorophyll fluorescence parameters; total N, P, and K uptake; and growth of lettuce plants. The results indicated that at a low temperature, the values of effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), and transpiration rate (Tr) —as well as those of N, K, and P uptake—were the highest at 350 μmol·m−2·s−1, followed by 500 μmol·m−2·s−1, which resulted in higher values for leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), dry weight (DW), and fresh weight (FW). At the medium temperature, the values of ΦPSII, Pn, gS, and Tr, as well as those of N, K, and P uptake were higher at 350, 500, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 than at other light intensities, resulting in high values for LN, LA, DW, and FW of lettuce plants. The LN, LA, and FW of lettuce plants were the highest at 500 μmol·m−2·s−1, whereas DW was the highest at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. At a high temperature, lettuce plants exhibited the highest values of Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Pn, gS, and Tr, as well as those of N, K, and P uptake for the 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 treatment; whereas LN, LA, FW, and DW were the highest at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. In addition, the values of Fv/Fm indicated that lettuce plants were under stress under the following combinations: 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 at the low temperature, 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 at the medium temperature, and 100–350 μmol·m−2·s−1 at the high temperature. Based on these results, an optimal regulation strategy for light intensity at different temperature environments was proposed for lettuce cultivars similar to L. sativa L. in some regions, such as the subtropical regions of China. Specifically, for low temperatures, light intensities of 350 to 500 μmol·m−2·s−1are recommended for production, and an intensity of 350 μmol·m−2·s−1 provides optimal supplementary light during early spring and winter in greenhouses. For medium temperatures, light intensities of 350 to 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 are recommended, and 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 is the optimal value during the middle of spring and autumn. For high temperatures, light intensities of 500 to 600 μmol·m−2·s−1are recommended, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 is the optimal value of light intensity during late spring and early autumn.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Photosynthesis, and Nutrient Uptake at Different Light Intensities and Temperatures in Lettuce

Zhou¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2019

horts

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“…The increase in SLA is an additional strategy to cope with low PAR . In this regard, the greater SLA exhibited by cacao plants grown in the L PAR might be considered as a mechanism to maximize photon capture efficiency, which may improve photosynthetic capacity [ 39 ] and carbon gain [ 40 ], in addition to concentrating resources invested in the construction of photosynthetic tissues [ 41 ]. This adaptation in plants subjected to low light intensities seems to be related to a decrease in leaf thickness and increase in leaf area for a more efficient absorption and optimization of photon capture [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthesis limitations in cacao leaves under different agroforestry systems in the Colombian Amazon

et al. 2018

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) has traditionally been considered a crop that requires shade, and consequently it is implemented under agroforestry systems (AFs) in order to regulate the level of incident solar radiation. However, optimal shade levels for this tree crop may vary depending on the climate conditions of where it is grown. Here we analyzed the physiological performance of cacao under three different AFs in the Colombian Amazon that differed in solar radiation patterns: high (HPAR), medium (MPAR), or low (LPAR) mean daily incident radiation. The physiological performance was characterized using photosynthetic variables in leaves such as light- and CO2-response curves, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, and total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, in conjunction with other leaf functional traits. Cacao trees exposed to HPAR showed an improved physiological performance as compared to those from the other two AFs. Compared to MPAR and LPAR, cacao trees in HPAR doubled the rate of net carbon assimilation and reached higher maximum rates of RuBisCO carboxylation and RuBP regeneration. Moreover, cacao trees in HPAR presented photoprotection mechanisms that avoided photoinhibition, which was accompanied by a greater non-photochemical quenching coefficient and biochemical and morphological adjustments (low chlorophyll but higher carotenoid contents and low specific leaf area) compared to cacao trees from the other AFs. Overall, our results show that, due to the high cloud cover in the Colombian Amazon, cacao plantations under conditions of sparse shade maximized their carbon use, showing an improved physiological performance as a result of higher photosynthetic rates and energy dissipation mechanisms. If the crop were managed with sparse shade, the paradigm that favors the cultivation of cacao under shade would be called into question in the Colombian Amazon and other regions with similar climatic conditions.

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“…Genetic variation was evident in this trait and was associated with higher photosynthetic rates and turgor potential during flooding (de ). An interaction between the level of shading and response to flooding was reported in a study in southern Bahia, Brazil; the decline in photosynthesis and g s in response to flooding was delayed in shaded conditions compared to unshaded cacao (da Silva Branco et al 2017). In these studies, seedlings or young plants propagated by rooted cuttings were used.…”

Section: Floodingmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Given that more extreme events are predicted with a changing climate, it is reasonable to assume that more flooding events may occur in some cacao-growing areas. Although cacao appears to be more sensitive to water limitation than flooding (de , it does have a depressive effect on photosynthesis and g s (Sena Gomes and Kozlowski 1986;de Almeida et al 2016;da Silva Branco et al 2017) which, in the long term, leads to a reduction of leaf, stem and root growth, and changes in root/shoot ratio (Sena Gomes and Kozlowski 1986;Bertolde et al 2010). Reductions in leaf chlorophyll content and damage to PSII have also been observed in flooded plants (Bertolde et al 2012;da Silva Branco et al 2017).…”

Section: Floodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiological responses of cacao to the environment and the implications for climate change resilience. A review

Lahive

Hadley

Daymond

2018

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

152

109

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical perennial crop which is of great economic importance to the confectionary industry and to the economies of many countries of the humid tropics where it is grown. Some recent studies have suggested that climate change could severely impact cacao production in West Africa. It is essential to incorporate our understanding of the physiology and genetic variation within cacao germplasm when discussing the implications of climate change on cacao productivity and developing strategies for climate resilience in cacao production. Here, we review the current research on the physiological responses of cacao to various climate factors. Our main findings are as follows: (1) water limitation causes significant yield reduction in cacao, but genotypic variation in sensitivity is evident; (2) in the field, cacao experiences higher temperatures than is often reported in the literature; (3) the complexity of the cacao/shade tree interaction can lead to contradictory results; (4) elevated CO 2 may alleviate some negative effects of climate change; (5) implementation of mitigation strategies can help reduce environmental stress; and (6) significant gaps in the research need addressing to accelerate the development of climate resilience. Harnessing the significant genetic variation apparent within cacao germplasm is essential to develop modern varieties capable of high yields in non-optimal conditions. Mitigation strategies will also be essential, but to use shading to best effect shade tree selection is crucial to avoid resource competition. Cacao is often described as being sensitive to climate change, but genetic variation, adaptive responses, appropriate mitigation strategies and interactive climate effects should all be considered when predicting the future of cacao production. Incorporating these physiological responses to various environmental conditions and developing a deeper understanding of the processes underlying these responses will help to accelerate the development of a more resource use efficient tree ensuring sustainable production into the future.

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Influence of low light intensity and soil flooding on cacao physiology

Cited by 33 publications

References 84 publications

Growth, Photosynthesis, and Nutrient Uptake at Different Light Intensities and Temperatures in Lettuce

Growth, Photosynthesis, and Nutrient Uptake at Different Light Intensities and Temperatures in Lettuce

Photosynthesis limitations in cacao leaves under different agroforestry systems in the Colombian Amazon

The physiological responses of cacao to the environment and the implications for climate change resilience. A review

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