Influence of maternal age, gestational age and fetal gender on expression of immune mediators in amniotic fluid

Weißenbacher, Tobias; Laubender, Rüdiger P.; Gingelmaier, Andrea; Schießl, Barbara; Kainer, F.; Friese, Klaus; Jeschke, Udo; Dian, Darius; Karl, K.

doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-375

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The only significant differences between these cytokine levels and those in samples taken during amniocentesis (median GA 17 weeks) were for IL-10, which was increased and TNF-α which was decreased (12). The higher levels reported in Table 1 are unlikely to be associated with different GAs; the median GA for both studies was 39 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cytokine Levels in Late Pregnancy: Are Female Infants Better Protected Against Inflammation?

et al. 2015

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Inflammatory responses have been implicated in several forms of infant deaths (sudden expected deaths and stillbirths) and the initiation of pre-term births. In this study, we examined matched samples of term maternal blood, cord blood, and amniotic fluid obtained from 24 elective cesarean deliveries for both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines thought to be important in maintaining a balanced response leading to successful pregnancy outcome. These included interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Amniotic fluid levels for each of the cytokines examined were significantly higher than those for cord blood or maternal plasma. While pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in amniotic fluid associated with male fetuses compared with females, the major significant difference was higher levels of IL-1ra in amniotic fluid associated with female fetuses. Our study supports similar findings for cytokines during mid-trimester, which noted that amniotic fluid levels were higher than those in maternal blood. Our study suggests that maternal decidua secretes additional IL-ra in the presence of a female conceptus which improves the likelihood of a good outcome compared to pregnancies with male fetuses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cytokine Levels in Late Pregnancy: Are Female Infants Better Protected Against Inflammation?

et al. 2015

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“…In several studies, fetal gender was seen to relate to the concentration of some AF components, such as cytokines, hormones, and minerals [ 21 – 23 ]. Tzschoppe et al [ 23 ] found significantly higher concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate in the AF of male fetuses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Mineral in Amniotic Fluid and Their Relations to Selected Maternal and Fetal Parameters

Suliburska

Kocyłowski

Komorowicz

et al. 2015

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The concentrations of various trace elements in amniotic fluid (AF) change over the course of pregnancy, with gestational age and fetus growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected essential and toxic elements in AF and their relations to maternal and fetal parameters. The study was carried out in 39 pregnant women, aged 34.6 ± 4.7 years, between weeks 16 and 26 of gestation. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained during the standard procedure of amniocentesis in high-risk patients for chromosomal abnormalities. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was used to determine the levels of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, U, and V in AF. Body mass and blood pressure were measured in all the women. The basic parameters of fetal development were also assayed. It was found that the age of the mother, the gender of the fetus, and the week of the pregnancy may affect the concentrations of mineral in the amniotic fluid. Moreover, several significant correlations between the essential and toxic elements and maternal and fetal parameters were observed. In particular, negative and positive correlations between fetal parameters and magnesium and copper levels in AF, respectively, were seen. The present findings demonstrate the association between minerals in AF and fetal development.

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“…It is perhaps not surprising that the cellular makeup of the amniotic fluid is affected by gestational age. Several established or potential diagnostic markers in the amniotic fluid are known to be time-dependent, such as amniotic fluid volume [23], fluid methylation metabolites [24], lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio [25], DNA copy number variation by array-based comparative genomic hybridization [26], and multiple amniotic fluid cytokines [27], just to name a few examples. Gestational age also affects fetal cell culture duration for genetic testing [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Gestational Age on Targeted Amniotic Cell Profiling in Experimental Neural Tube Defects

Pennington

Rialon²,

Dionigi³

et al. 2014

Fetal Diagn Ther

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Purpose: The proportions of select stem cells in term amniotic fluid have been shown to correlate with the type and size of experimental neural tube defects (NTDs). We sought to determine the impact of gestational age upon this form of targeted amniotic cell profiling. Methods: Sprague-Dawley fetuses with retinoic acid-induced NTDs (n = 110) underwent amniotic fluid procurement at four time points in gestation. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for the presence of cells concomitantly expressing Nestin and Sox-2 (neural stem cells, aNSCs) and cells concomitantly expressing CD29 and CD44 (mesenchymal stem cells, aMSCs). Statistical analysis was by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: There was a statistically significant impact of gestational age on the proportions of both aMSCs (p = 0.01) and aNSCs (p < 0.01) in fetuses with isolated spina bifida. No such impact was noted in normal fetuses (p > 0.10 for both cells), in isolated exencephaly (p > 0.10 for both cells), or in combination defects (p > 0.10 for both cells). Gestational age had no effect on aNSC/aMSC ratios. Conclusions: Targeted quantitative amniotic cell profiling varies with gestational age in experimental isolated spina bifida. This finding should be considered prior to the eventual translation of this diagnostic adjunct into the prenatal evaluation of these anomalies.

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Influence of maternal age, gestational age and fetal gender on expression of immune mediators in amniotic fluid

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Cytokine Levels in Late Pregnancy: Are Female Infants Better Protected Against Inflammation?

Cytokine Levels in Late Pregnancy: Are Female Infants Better Protected Against Inflammation?

Concentrations of Mineral in Amniotic Fluid and Their Relations to Selected Maternal and Fetal Parameters

The Impact of Gestational Age on Targeted Amniotic Cell Profiling in Experimental Neural Tube Defects

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