“…However, literature related to the band gap is somewhat confusing as below 3 eV values of the band gap were obtained by assuming an indirect transition [14]. Many attempts have been made for the deposition of WO 3 thin films doped with different metallic ions such as Cr, Ru, CuO, Ti, Tb 3+ , Cd, In, Sn, and Eu 3+ using different fabrication techniques like facile chemical method, template-free hydrothermal method, radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering technique, and chemically derived simple low cost spin coating [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”