“…However, Kanzow and Wiegand's retrospective study indicated that among repaired restorations, the rate of failure of the repaired part was still higher than that of the remaining parts of the original restoration (Kanzow and Wiegand, 2020). It has also been widely investigated inin vitro studies that an increase in roughness of the aged composite surface through etching, air abrasion, polishing, and laser irradiation results in a considerable improvement in the bond strength (Barcellos et al, 2015;Valente et al, 2015;Yokokawa et al, 2015;Pilo et al, 2016;Nagano et al, 2018;Flury et al, 2019;Kanzow et al, 2019;Martos et al, 2019). Brosh et al indicated that the repair bond between the original and newly added resin composite could be influenced by chemical and mechanical mechanisms: reaction with the surface resin matrix and exposed inorganic fillers could account for chemical bonding and macro/micromechanical attachment could account for mechanical bonding (Loomans et al, 2011;Pilo et al, 2016), when we repair the aged resin composites that had defects, such as fracture defects, discolouration, treatments are needed to create a surface for better adhesive between aged composite substrate and newly added composite.…”