Influence of mineral waters on in vitro proliferation, antioxidant response and cytokine production in a human lung fibroblasts cell line

The Impact of Thermal Water in Asthma and COPD: A Systematic Review According to the PRISMA Statement

“…When fibroblasts were treated with 40% Paracuellos and Achena MWs, cell proliferation exceeded the proliferation in controls by more than 50% (Paracuellos MW from spring: 168.66 ± 2.70%; Paracuellos MW from autumn: 185.54 ± 4.65%; Achena MW from spring 160.02 ± 3.46%; Achena MW from autumn: 185.26 ± 3.72%). Cell proliferation increased with rising MW concentration, except for Ledesma MW, which was weakly mineralized, and significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the presence of MW collected in autumn rather than spring, with the exception of 40% Ledesma MW [25].…”

“…Macrophage migration factor (MIF), Serpin E1, and interleukin (IL)-6 were released by both MW-treated and control fibroblasts, although cells cultured with Ledesma and Paracuellos MWs induced the highest level of secretion of Serpin E1 and IL-6 and released CCL1, CCL5, and ICAM-1. The cytokines IL-18 and CXCL-12 were released only by MW-treated fibroblasts, not by controls, and the release of CD40 and IL-13 was inhibited in the presence of Ledesma and Paracuellos MWs [25]. The main findings concerning the impact of MW in vitro are summarized in Table 2.…”

“…Of the 207 potentially relevant records identified in the initial search, 12 studies were deemed eligible for a qualitative synthesis (Table 1). This systematic review included data obtained from five RCTs [4,[16][17][18][19] evaluating the impact of TW on COPD [4,16,17,19] and pediatric asthma [18], two non-randomized, uncontrolled interventional studies [20,21] on asthma, two observational studies [22,23] on heavy smokers [22] and COPD patients [23], one case study [24] on workers in thermal-mineral springs exposed to sulfurous TW, one in vitro study [25] on human lung fibroblasts, and one in vivo study [26] on a murine model of non-atopic asthma. When reported in the studies, the temperature of the TW was defined as "warm" or "hot" and ranged from 37 to 80 • C. Data on viscosity and density of TW were not provided in the included studies.…”

“…One in vitro study [25] investigated the impact of mineral waters (MWs) from Ledesma, Paracuellos, and Achena Spanish health spa resorts on human lung embryonic fibroblasts LC5. The three MWs were characterized by different chemical compositions: Ledesma MW was hyper-thermal, weakly mineralized, and rich in bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, and fluorides; Paracuellos MW was hypothermal, strongly mineralized, and described as chlorinated-sulphated-sodic; Archena MW was hyper-thermal, highly mineralized, and chlorinated-sodic [25]. Lung fibroblasts were cultured in medium diluted 10%, 20%, and 40% with MW treatments collected in spring and autumn and compared to control fibroblasts cultured with the same working dilutions in tap water.…”

“…The antioxidant capacity of only Paracuellos MW was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower in autumn than in spring (2.47 ± 0.14 vs. 2.29 ± 0.14 µM). No significant (p > 0.05) difference was detected in superoxide dismutase (SOD) 3 activity between MW-treated fibroblasts and controls [25]. Since cell proliferation was higher in the presence of autumnal MW, the authors decided to investigated cytokine secretion in these fibroblast cultures.…”