Influence of nanoparticle surface treatment on particle dispersion and interfacial adhesion in low-density polyethylene/aluminium oxide nanocomposites

Liu, Dongming; Pourrahimi, Amir Masoud; Olsson, Richard T.; Hedenqvist, Mikael S.; Gedde, Ulf W.

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.046

Cited by 89 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The crystallization of polyethylene can be recorded with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to find the crystallinity and crystal thickness. The mass crystallinity ( w c ) of the polymer is determined according to the total enthalpy method:

w_{normalc} = \frac{Δ H_{normalf}}{w_{normalp} (normalΔ H_{f}^{0} - true \int_{T_{1}}^{T_{m}^{0}} (c_{p, a} - c_{p, c}) d T)}

where Δ H f is the measured melting enthalpy,

Δ H_{normalf}^{0}

is the melting enthalpy for 100% crystalline polyethylene (293 J g −1 ) at the equilibrium melting point, T 1 is an arbitrary temperature below the melting range,

T_{normalm}^{0}

is the equilibrium melting temperature (141.5 °C), w p is the mass fraction of polymer in the polymer/particle composite system, and c p,a and c p,c are, respectively, the specific heat capacities of the amorphous and crystalline components, which are obtained from Wunderlich and Baur . The crystal thickness ( L c ) associated with the melting peak temperature is calculated according to the Thomson–Gibbs equation:

L_{normalc} = \frac{2 σ_{normale}}{Δ H_{normalf}^{0} ρ_{normalc} (1 - \frac{T_{m}^{}}{T_{m}^{0}})}

where T m is the melting peak temperature, ρ c = 1003.0 kg m −3 and ρ a = 851.9 kg m −3 are the densities of, respectively, the crystalline and amorphous components, and σ e = 93 mJ m −2 is the fold surface free energy for linear polyethylene .…”

Section: Polyethylene Nanocomposites For High Voltage Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a) An example of insulation material development for extruded HVDC cables based on polymer nanocomposites (with TEM and SEM images); surface modification of 50 nm Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles with octyltriethoxy silane (C8‐) in order to be used in LDPE at 3 wt% nanoparticle loading. The TEM image is reproduced with permission . Copyright 2015, Elsevier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that while the high surface area of the particles may provide more trapping sites for charge carriers, it is important that new charge carriers are not introduced with the addition of particles (refer to Equation ). (3)A surface modification of hydrophilic metal‐oxide nanoparticles is required in order to improve their dispersion in the hydrophobic polyethylene matrix. The surface modification may also enhance the interfacial strength, and can lead to superior electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites . Although most of the literature reports have stated that the surface modification of the nanoparticles leads to better insulating properties of the nanocomposites, but there are few experiments to assess the exact surface chemistry, the size and the porosity of the coatings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Interfaces in Polyethylene/Metal‐Oxide Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh‐Voltage Insulating Materials

2017

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Recent progress in the development of polyethylene/metal-oxide nanocomposites for extruded high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables with ultrahigh electric insulation properties is presented. This is a promising technology with the potential of raising the upper voltage limit in today's underground/submarine cables, based on pristine polyethylene, to levels where the loss of energy during electric power transmission becomes low enough to ensure intercontinental electric power transmission. The development of HVDC insulating materials together with the impact of the interface between the particles and the polymer on the nanocomposites electric properties are shown. Important parameters from the atomic to the microlevel, such as interfacial chemistry, interfacial area, and degree of particle dispersion/aggregation, are discussed. This work is placed in perspective with important work by others, and suggested mechanisms for improved insulation using nanoparticles, such as increased charge trap density, adsorption of impurities/ions, and induced particle dipole moments are considered. The effects of the nanoparticles and of their interfacial structures on the mechanical properties and the implications of cavitation on the electric properties are also discussed. Although the main interest in improving the properties of insulating polymers has been on the use of nanoparticles, leading to nanodielectrics, it is pointed out here that larger microscopic hierarchical metal-oxide particles with high surface porosity also impart good insulation properties. The impact of the type of particle and its inherent properties (purity and conductivity) on the nanocomposite dielectric and insulating properties are also discussed based on data obtained by a newly developed technique to directly observe the charge distribution on a nanometer scale in the nanocomposite.

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w_{normalc} = \frac{Δ H_{normalf}}{w_{normalp} (normalΔ H_{f}^{0} - true \int_{T_{1}}^{T_{m}^{0}} (c_{p, a} - c_{p, c}) d T)}

where Δ H f is the measured melting enthalpy,

Δ H_{normalf}^{0}

is the melting enthalpy for 100% crystalline polyethylene (293 J g −1 ) at the equilibrium melting point, T 1 is an arbitrary temperature below the melting range,

T_{normalm}^{0}

L_{normalc} = \frac{2 σ_{normale}}{Δ H_{normalf}^{0} ρ_{normalc} (1 - \frac{T_{m}^{}}{T_{m}^{0}})}

Section: Polyethylene Nanocomposites For High Voltage Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Interfaces in Polyethylene/Metal‐Oxide Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh‐Voltage Insulating Materials

2017

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“…The most feasible solution is underground and submarine high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cables with a maximum anticipated voltage of 1 MV by 2030. [3][4][5] The challenge in the development of nanocomposites with ultra-low electrical conductivity is to nd highly pure nanoparticles without conducting counter-ions on the particle surfaces, but, it is essential that nanoparticles are functionalized with hydroxide groups in order to allow further coating chemistry to be applied. 2 One strategy to enhance the insulating performance of polyethylene is by the incorporation of dispersed metal oxide (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat treatment of ZnO nanoparticles: new methods to achieve high-purity nanoparticles for high-voltage applications

et al. 2015

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Novel methods based on orienting and coating of ZnO nanoparticles were studied in order to obtain uniform, nano-sized and ultra-pure ZnO grains/particles after heat treatment. A 1 nm zinc-hydroxy-salt complex layer on the nanoparticle surfaces was revealed by thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. This 'phase' gradually decomposed into ZnO during the heat treatment while sintering occurred above 600 C, as revealed by scanning-and transmission-electron microscopy. The c-axis alignment of the nanoparticles provided smaller pores than those associated with non-oriented nanoparticles, presenting the means to obtain high-density ceramics. The orientation resulted in a smaller grain size after heat treatment than that of the nonaligned nanoparticles. Another method that involved three stepssilane coating, heat treatment and silica layer etchingwas used to remove the ionic species from the nanoparticle surface while preserving its hydroxylated surface. These ultra-pure nanoparticles are expected to be key components in the development of HVDC insulation polyethylene nanocomposites.

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“…Polymer nanocomposites can be prepared via three routes, namely solution blending [3][4][5], melt blending [6][7][8][9][10][11] and in situ polymerization [12][13][14]. The most common commercially implemented procedure to obtain nanocomposites is melt blending.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of molecular weight and polydispersity in polyethylene/needle-like shaped clay nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization with metallocene catalysts

Herrero

Núñez

Gallego

et al. 2016

European Polymer Journal

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a b s t r a c tIn an effort to understand the influence of the shape and area of the nanoclay type used in the in situ polymerization process, two different types of clays (fibrillar and laminar) were employed to obtain nanocomposites. The preliminary results demonstrated that a needlelike shaped clay promotes higher molar mass and better mechanical properties compared with laminar clay. The ultra-high molecular weight of sepiolite/nanocomposites introduces significant problems with processability. Therefore, a new method of polymerization was designed to include two significant changes. The first change was related to the use of a non-isothermal temperature profile and the second to the addition of an additional amount of non-anchored co-catalyst leading to materials with higher fluidity.

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Influence of nanoparticle surface treatment on particle dispersion and interfacial adhesion in low-density polyethylene/aluminium oxide nanocomposites

Cited by 89 publications

References 46 publications

The Role of Interfaces in Polyethylene/Metal‐Oxide Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh‐Voltage Insulating Materials

The Role of Interfaces in Polyethylene/Metal‐Oxide Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh‐Voltage Insulating Materials

Heat treatment of ZnO nanoparticles: new methods to achieve high-purity nanoparticles for high-voltage applications

Control of molecular weight and polydispersity in polyethylene/needle-like shaped clay nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization with metallocene catalysts

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