In the current market full of the competition of talents, the current education has focused on how to cultivate the talents needed by the market, and STEAM education concept has also attracted widespread attention. STEAM education is a problem-oriented approach that can effectively improves students' independent thinking and problem-solving ability through multidisciplinary education. Since its proposal, it has been applied to many disciplines, including the labor education course. As a typical interdisciplinary course integration approach based on real scenario theme has provided new ideas for transboundary integration of labor education course. On this basis, the application of STEAM education concept in labor education curriculum was analyzed in detail in this paper to establish a new-type teaching method integrating science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics while combining the problem-oriented thinking process. Correspondingly, according to the characteristics of the Bayesian network, a college student labor education course online self-study model was established. The Bayesian network mode and non-directive teaching mode were introduced to effectively improve the teaching effect of labor education courses. The study has found that after applying STEAM-based integrated teaching mode in labor education course, students' labor education course grade, labor skills, self-learning capacity, excitation exploration ability, analytical competence, team spirit, and sense of participation have significantly enhanced, indicating that this teaching mode is significantly superior to traditional teaching methods.