Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

Miyake, Akira; Takahara, Keiya; Ogawa, Terushige; Ogata, Yoichi; Wada, Yuji; Arai, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/s0950-4230(01)00041-9

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Smaller droplets would result in greater oxidiser-fuel interfacial area which would be potentially advantageous in terms of explosive effectiveness [14,27]. The significant decrease in droplet size between 18 and 20 wt % emulsifier is clear and reproducible.…”

Section: The Effect Of Emulsifier Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To prevent spontaneous detonation, inhibited explosive emulsions have to be used in place of ANFO. The use of ANFO in regions featuring substantial moisture [8,12] will result in sub-optimal detonation (due to its low water resistance) as well as substantial environmental and safety concerns in terms of the generation of nitrous oxides (NO X ) [13][14][15][16]. Whilst mining boreholes may be modified in terms of decreasing their moisture content, this may in practice be difficult or impossible Therefore, more complicated, but essentially waterproof, w/o emulsion explosives are required for many applications [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Explosive Emulsion Characterisation using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Hayward

Ling

Johns

2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Explosive emulsions are frequently employed in mining operations as they offer a comparatively robust, safe and effective product. These are typically formulated as concentrated ammonium nitrate solutions dispersed in an oil phase in the form of a highly concentrated water‐in‐oil emulsion. Being highly concentrated, determining the droplet size distribution (which is critical to assessing long‐term emulsion stability and explosive effectiveness) of these emulsions is challenging. Here we demonstrate that this is readily achieved using bench‐top Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR) Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) techniques. The initial mean droplet size is shown to decrease with an increase in the concentration of ammonium nitrate or emulsifier or when inert salt was added to the composition, it was found to increase as the concentration of the aqueous (oxidiser) phase was increased. The emulsion droplet size distributions were observed to remain constant for a 3‐month period over the composition range explored.

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Section: The Effect Of Emulsifier Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explosive Emulsion Characterisation using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Hayward

Ling

Johns

2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For ANFO, the main factors are the properties of the AN prills [2][3][4], the fuel/oil ratio, the density and the charge diameter [5]. The influences of the initiating energy [6], the charge temperature [7] and the addition of an active ingredient (organic nitrate) to the fuel oil [8] on the velocity of detonation of ANFO explosives have also been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Primer on the Velocity of Detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO Blends

Žganec¹,

Bohanek²,

Dobrilović³

2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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ANFO is the most common explosive for civil use in the fields of mining and civil engineering. Some properties of ANFO, like poor water resistance, low density and low velocity of detonation can be improved by mixing ANFO with a certain percentage of an emulsion. These explosives are called Heavy ANFO blends. This paper presents a study of the influence of a primer on the velocity of detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO blends. Three types of primers were used for the initiation of the explosives and the velocity of detonation was measured in situ by a continuous method. Based on the results of these measurements, the relationship between the detonation velocity of the primer used and the detonation velocity of the primed explosive were established.

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“…For example, pre-compressing ANFO beyond $1.4 g/cm 3 may result in initiation failure, owing to the dead-pressing phenomenon. 3 In addition, ammonium nitrate prill size and porosity may result in ANFO detonation velocities ranging between 1.5 and 4.0 km/s, owing to different levels of fuel oil absorption within the prills 4,5 or other factors. A broad spectrum of nonideal behavior may be observed in shock front curvature, 6 diameter effects, 7 and interactions with confining material, 8 which cannot be determined without large scale (currently $1 kg or greater) rate stick tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive flow modeling of small scale detonation failure experiments for a baseline non-ideal explosive

Kittell

Cummock

Son

2016

Journal of Applied Physics

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Small scale characterization experiments using only 1-5 g of a baseline ammonium nitrate plus fuel oil (ANFO) explosive are discussed and simulated using an ignition and growth reactive flow model. There exists a strong need for the small scale characterization of non-ideal explosives in order to adequately survey the wide parameter space in sample composition, density, and microstructure of these materials. However, it is largely unknown in the scientific community whether any useful or meaningful result may be obtained from detonation failure, and whether a minimum sample size or level of confinement exists for the experiments. In this work, it is shown that the parameters of an ignition and growth rate law may be calibrated using the small scale data, which is obtained from a 35 GHz microwave interferometer. Calibration is feasible when the samples are heavily confined and overdriven; this conclusion is supported with detailed simulation output, including pressure and reaction contours inside the ANFO samples. The resulting shock wave velocity is most likely a combined chemical-mechanical response, and simulations of these experiments require an accurate unreacted equation of state (EOS) in addition to the calibrated reaction rate. Other experiments are proposed to gain further insight into the detonation failure data, as well as to help discriminate between the role of the EOS and reaction rate in predicting the measured outcome. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

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Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Explosive Emulsion Characterisation using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Explosive Emulsion Characterisation using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Influence of a Primer on the Velocity of Detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO Blends

Reactive flow modeling of small scale detonation failure experiments for a baseline non-ideal explosive

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