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The presence of microbial biofilms of pathogenic fungi and bacterial contaminants in animal feed can lead to disruption of the intestinal microflora and the development of infectious diseases. A promising field of study is the examination of the antagonistic effect of bacteria from the genus Bacillus on microbial biofilms and planktonic forms of pathogenic microorganisms in feed. The objective of this research is to investigate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the probiotic complex of bacteria from the genus Bacillus against planktonic forms of biofilm-forming pathogenic fungi and microorganisms isolated from pig feed. The antagonistic activity of five probiotic strains against the test cultures Pasteurella multocida type D No. 07, Neisseria meningitidis No. 18, Streptococcus haemolyticus No. 14, Escherichia coli No. 21, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae No. 12 was studied by the method of delayed inoculation (perpendicular strokes) in three replicates. The antifungal activity against the test fungi Aspergillus niger No. 1 and Aspergillus candidus No. 2 was evaluated by the injection method. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the strain B. licheniformis UNCSM-033 showed a pronounced antagonistic effect on the bacteria N. meningitidis No. 18 with an inhibition level of 26.7 ± 1.2 mm. Inhibition of growth and reproduction of S. haemolyticus No. 14 at a high level of intensity was determined in four probiotic strains with diameters of growth inhibition from 28.7 ± 1.2 mm to 34.0 ± 1.2 mm. A sufficiently high level of antagonism against the test culture E. coli No. 21 was shown by five experimental probiotic strains in the range of 24.7 ± 1.2 mm to 30.7 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. A very high level of antagonistic properties of the probiotic complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus from five experimental strains against five types of pathogenic microorganisms from 38.3 ± 0.9 mm was shown in A. pleuropneumoniae No. 12 and up to 47.3 ± 0.9 mm in P. multocida type D No. 07. The highest degree of antagonistic activity against five test cultures of biofilm-forming microorganisms and antifungal effect against two test strains of pathogenic fungi, A. niger No. 1 and A. candidus No. 2, was demonstrated by the probiotic complex of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus (five strains). The pronounced antimicrobial properties of the five strains of the probiotic complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus allow for the potential development of drugs based on them as an alternative to antibiotics
The presence of microbial biofilms of pathogenic fungi and bacterial contaminants in animal feed can lead to disruption of the intestinal microflora and the development of infectious diseases. A promising field of study is the examination of the antagonistic effect of bacteria from the genus Bacillus on microbial biofilms and planktonic forms of pathogenic microorganisms in feed. The objective of this research is to investigate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the probiotic complex of bacteria from the genus Bacillus against planktonic forms of biofilm-forming pathogenic fungi and microorganisms isolated from pig feed. The antagonistic activity of five probiotic strains against the test cultures Pasteurella multocida type D No. 07, Neisseria meningitidis No. 18, Streptococcus haemolyticus No. 14, Escherichia coli No. 21, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae No. 12 was studied by the method of delayed inoculation (perpendicular strokes) in three replicates. The antifungal activity against the test fungi Aspergillus niger No. 1 and Aspergillus candidus No. 2 was evaluated by the injection method. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the strain B. licheniformis UNCSM-033 showed a pronounced antagonistic effect on the bacteria N. meningitidis No. 18 with an inhibition level of 26.7 ± 1.2 mm. Inhibition of growth and reproduction of S. haemolyticus No. 14 at a high level of intensity was determined in four probiotic strains with diameters of growth inhibition from 28.7 ± 1.2 mm to 34.0 ± 1.2 mm. A sufficiently high level of antagonism against the test culture E. coli No. 21 was shown by five experimental probiotic strains in the range of 24.7 ± 1.2 mm to 30.7 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. A very high level of antagonistic properties of the probiotic complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus from five experimental strains against five types of pathogenic microorganisms from 38.3 ± 0.9 mm was shown in A. pleuropneumoniae No. 12 and up to 47.3 ± 0.9 mm in P. multocida type D No. 07. The highest degree of antagonistic activity against five test cultures of biofilm-forming microorganisms and antifungal effect against two test strains of pathogenic fungi, A. niger No. 1 and A. candidus No. 2, was demonstrated by the probiotic complex of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus (five strains). The pronounced antimicrobial properties of the five strains of the probiotic complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus allow for the potential development of drugs based on them as an alternative to antibiotics
The most important condition for the development and efficiency of animal husbandry is the creation of a solid fodder base, as the level of animal productivity is determined by their feeding up to 50–80%. The use of grain from various crops as animal feed and in the food industry raises questions about its quality and compliance with sanitary and medical conditions. The study aimed to investigate the spread of molds and their contamination of animal feed with biotic contaminants in the south of Ukraine under martial law. The veterinary and sanitary condition of grain products was determined based on generally accepted organoleptic, toxicological, biological and microbiological studies. During 2023–2024, 75 feed samples (fodder grains: wheat, barley, peas, soybeans, corn, grain mixtures, mixed fodder, and bran) were analyzed in farms in southern Ukraine. It was found that 54.7% of the tested feed met sanitary and hygienic requirements, 45.3% had grain integrity and discoloration, and mixed fodder and bran had discoloration, flowability, odor, and lumps. An excess of the norm of infection by insect pests of pea grain B. incarnatus by 2.8 times, and wheat bran and feed by N. granella by 2.4 times, respectively. The damage of grain and grain products by micromycetes was detected, 69 field isolates were isolated, of which 49.3% showed low toxicity. The main pollutants were mold saprophytes in 2023 of the genus Aspergillus — 47.2%, Mucor — 30.5%, Penicillium — 16.7% and Rhodotorula — 5.6%, while in 2024 the composition of epiphytic mycobiota of feeds slightly expanded, Fusarium — 3.0%, Aspergillus — 18.2%, Mucor — 6.1%, Penicillium — 9.0%, Rhodotorula — 21.2%, Clodosporiums — 6.1%, Trichothotecium — 15.2%, Alternarias — 3.0%, Rhizopus — 6.1% of isolates were identified. In the south of Ukraine, before 2024, the most commonly identified molds were Aspergillus spp. (47.2–51.8%), but in 2024, the most commonly isolated molds were Rhodotorula spp. (21.2 %), Aspergillus spp. (18.2%) and Mucor spp. The species composition of molds isolated from feed in 2024 changed slightly and other representatives appeared that were previously isolated much less frequently — Rhodotorula spp. (21.2%), Trichothеcium spp. (15.2%), Cladosporium spp. (6.1%), Rhizopus spp. (6.1%) and Alternaria spp. (3.0%). Thus, the climatic conditions of a particular year or season, and artificial changes in the chemical and biological composition of soils (including military actions) do not affect the presence, but only the species diversity of micromycetes
Meat processing enterprises are currently seeking ways to improve the efficiency of their operations. This study aimed to assess the presence of harmful microorganisms in poultry meat treated with a probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. bacteria during storage. Of the 2,516 meat samples collected from broiler chickens across six poultry processing enterprises in the Dnipropetrovsk region over three years, 1,845 samples tested positive for pathogens. Listeria spp. were isolated in 52.7% of meat samples, S. aureus in 28.7%, P. aeruginosa – in 6.9%, E. coli in 4.2%, and Salmonella spp. in 7.5%. The next stage of the study was the infection of 10 samples of poultry meat with pathogens of test cultures (Escherichia coli UNCSM - 007, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UNCSM - 012, Staphylococcus aureus UNCSM - 017, Listeria ivanovii UNCSM - 042, Salmonella Enteritidis UNCSM - 081), followed by aerosol treatment with a probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. (1.5×108 in ml (0.5 Mac Farland) administered at a dose of 1 ml per sample with daily registration of colony growth. Following pathogen contamination and a single aerosol treatment with the probiotic complex of Bacillus spp., the growth of E. coli and S. aureus was already suppressed on the second day of meat storage. The probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. was able to displace Salmonella Enteritidis on the third day and P. aeruginosa on day 4, but the growth of L. ivanovii could be observed only on day 5. The probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. formed visible biofilms from the five strains of microorganisms and remained viable for five days, forming a dense biofilm with a high accumulation rate of 4.73 D620. A distinctly noticeable ability to form microbial biofilms within three days was observed in planktonic forms of L. ivanovii up to 2.88 D620, followed by P. aeruginosa at 2.28 D620. Low biofilm density was observed for Salmonella Enteritidis (1.77 D620) and S. aureus (1.76 D620). The probiotic complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus spp. shows potential for use in meat processing plants to prevent the growth of harmful microbial biofilms on meat products stored under refrigeration.
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