Influence of Probiotics on the Salivary Microflora Oral Streptococci and Their Integration into Oral Biofilm

Abstract

Probiotics’ ability to integrate into dental biofilms is not yet clarified. The aim of this trial was to detect probiotic bacteria from probiotic products in dental biofilm and saliva during and after intake. In this parallel, randomized clinical trial, 39 subjects wore customized appliances to build up intra-oral biofilms (72-h periods). The trial was divided into screening (S) to determine baseline biofilm flora, intervention (I), and wash out (WO). During I (28 days), subjects consumed a product containing (a) Enterococcus faecalis (b) Lactobacilluscasei, or (c) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Probiotic bacteria and Streptococci spp. were detected in the biofilms and saliva of the 35 subjects that were included in the analysis. During I and WO, the ratio of probiotics in the biofilm was very low compared to total bacterial load, while saliva had slightly but not significantly higher values. No significant changes of probiotic bacteria (p > 0.05) were found at any visit during I or WO. The proportion of streptococci was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) during I and even lower in WO, compared to S. Probiotic bacteria could neither integrate nor persist in dental biofilm and saliva but did influence the growth of streptococci in biofilm and saliva.

Dental Biofilm and Saliva Microbiome and Its Interplay with Pediatric Allergies

“…This complex and highly organized community, that is also named ‘city of microbes’ [ 45 ], does not only interact with its underlying substrate but also with its host at different sites through different pathways by swallowing, systemic inflammation, and systemic bacterial dissemination [ 46 ]. Many studies have dealt with spatial distribution, altered growth rate, and antibiotic resistance of oral biofilms [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 47 ]. However, concomitant with modern possibilities to analyze the microbiome (in particular by using next-generation sequencing), it is of high interest to also explore the influence of this biofilm affecting systemic health [ 15 ].…”

“…Due to different localizations and diverse exogenous influencing factors, plaque of different thickness and bacterial composition develops, not only on a macroscopic scale but also at the micro-ecological level, as related to O 2 -tension, local pH, matrix structure, and availability of nutritive substances [ 8 ]. In numerous studies, the spatial vitality state and three-dimensional structure, as well as the interplay of dental biofilms with underlying substrates, such as enamel, dentin, and dental restorations, have been extensively examined by using CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscopy) in combination with vitality fluorescence technique or FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) [ 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Quantifying the antimicrobial activity of CRISPR-Cas9-accA modified ΔB. subtilismutants againstV. harveyiandE. Coli

“…Global probiotics were valued at 48.88 billion USD in 2019 and is projected to increase to 94.48 billion USD by 2027, which is a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.9% [38]. There is a great need for increased research that clarifies which probiotic is the most effective for yielding the best health results and to gather evidence from the people with the greatest response to specific probiotic strains and doses [10].…”

From the Matrix to the Nucleus and Back: Mechanobiology in the Light of Health, Pathologies, and Regeneration of Oral Periodontal Tissues

“…Apart from that, it is, however, clear that changes in the composition of the bacterial population, the oral bacterial load, and the oral milieu can promote oral dysbiosis. The interindividual presence and variance of different bacterial taxa in the subgingival region under healthy and pathological conditions has, therefore, been intensively studied during the last few years with the help of, e.g., next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques [245,246].…”