Influence of punch face angle and reduction on flow mode in backward and combined radial backward extrusion process

Predicting the shape formation of parts with a flange and an axial protrusion in the process of combined aligned radial-direct extrusion

“…The techniques of the combined extrusion that involve the longitudinal (direct and reverse) and transversal (radial or lateral) extrusion schemes make it possible to fabricate parts of the complex configuration in a single operation. A series of studies [8,11,12] analyzed processes of the lateral and consistent radial-longitudinal extrusion processes. Work [8] used a method of the upper assessment to investigate patterns in the character of the metal flow (the presence of a dead zone) in the reversal zone at lateral extrusion and estimated the force regime.…”

“…The processes of combined extrusion, obtained by a combination of the longitudinal (direct and reverse) and transverse (radial and lateral) extrusion, differ in great variety and the possibility of making hollow and solid parts with a profiled outer or internal surface in a single operation [7,11]. The combined aligned extrusion processes also have advantages in reducing energy costs, as increasing the degree of freedom of metal outflow in several directions requires fewer deformation forces [11][12][13][14][15]. However, for the same reason, the calculation of such extrusion processes, which take place under an optimal self-regulating mode, as well as the assessment of the shape formation of parts, are not easy due to the difficulty of predicting the direction of the predominant metal flow.…”

Investigating the process of shrinkage depression formation at the combined radial-backward extrusion of parts with a flange

“…Currently, the active implementation of combined extrusion processes in industry is constrained by the lack of detailed recommendations on determining the force parameters of the process, predicting shape change and defect formation [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…A series of papers [8][9][10][11][12][13] are limited to studies of force parameters and phased shape change in the processes of combined extrusion. Work [8] analyzes the effect of geometric parameters and friction conditions in the process of direct-reverse-radial extrusion based on a finite element method employing the software ABAQUS (ABAQUS Inc., USА).…”

“…Papers [9,10] report studying the force parameters and shape change of hollow parts in the process of combined extrusion, which are limited to modeling in Deform-2D (Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation (SFTC), USA). The combined extrusion processes were investigated in studies [11,12] by the methods of finite elements and the upper assessment (using rigid triangular elements). A comparative analysis of theoretically and experimentally obtained data on the force parameters of the process and on the shape change in workpieces was carried out.…”