Influence of reaction parameters on thermal liquefaction of plastic wastes into oil: A review

Kameel, Nurul Izzah Ahamed; Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan; Patah, Muhamad Fazly Abdul; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd

doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100196

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The water used in the HTL process can serve different roles (solvent, catalyst, and reactant) and involves a series of hydrothermal cracking, hydrolysis, free radical reaction, nucleophilic substitution, and cyclization reactions. − The products obtained are mostly liquid hydrocarbon oils, with a significant moisture content Table shows the major advantages and disadvantages of the three processes with plastic as a feedstock. …”

Section: Thermochemical Conversion Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Valorization of Waste Plastic for Production of Synthetic Fuels, Fine Chemicals, and Carbon Nanotubes

Tang,

Chan,

Chai

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Globally, approximately 300 million metric tonnes of plastic waste are generated annually, and over 90% of them are either disposed to the landfill or incinerated. Though there are commitments to reduce waste plastics, it has its limitations. In this review, the various types of thermochemical processes (pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal liquefaction) used for plastic waste upcycling are first introduced. The production of synthetic fuel, fine chemicals, and carbon nanotubes through these processes are then discussed, with the effects of each factor scrutinized. Technical challenges of the production using plastic waste and how it can be overcome are then highlighted. Economical and environmental assessment of the processes are also analyzed to determine whether such processes are viable for upcycling of waste plastic, closing the carbon economy loop.

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Section: Thermochemical Conversion Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Valorization of Waste Plastic for Production of Synthetic Fuels, Fine Chemicals, and Carbon Nanotubes

Tang,

Chan,

Chai

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…In the thermal conversion of plastics by heating, the term liquefaction is sometimes used when most of the plastics are cracked thermally or catalytically in a liquid phase. The liquid phase acts as a hydrogen-donating component [54], while hydrogen can be introduced separately as well. The type of solvent used influences the reaction mechanism [55].…”

Section: Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter can be used thermally to heat the system. Since the volatile products are released depending on the boiling point of the components and their solubility in the liquid phase, the product distribution is influenced by the operating pressure and temperature of the liquefaction reactors [54]. The use of different plastic components and their different depolymerization rates can lead to an enrichment of individual plastic types.…”

Section: Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of the sump product in cement production is in discussion. Depending on the degree of purity of the feedstock, the oil yield, which is the main product, is typically about 70 %, whereas higher yields up to 90 % are possible in case of properly sorted and/or ideal feedstocks [54,59,60]. Since real plastic waste contains all possible substances (especially compounds with heteroatoms) and these pass into the product, a purification step must be introduced for the use of the oil.…”

Section: Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plastic Waste Utilization via Chemical Recycling: Approaches, Limitations, and the Challenges Ahead

Biessey

Vogel

Seitz

et al. 2023

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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Chemical recycling offers the opportunity to foster the transition towards a circular economy for plastics as a complementary strategy for mechanical recycling. For the implementation of chemical recycling technologies, there are still significant challenges ahead that -besides the definition of binding legal frameworks -need for intensified research: knowledgebased methods for both the identification of suitable process technologies considering decentralized waste conditions and the design of conversion steps and downstream processing are strongly needed for process development and process evaluation.

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“…Not suitable for mixed waste composition 2. Requires large feedstock volume Hydrothermal liquefaction (Ahamed Kameel et al 2022 ) South Africa, Europe, Australia, Turkey, Canada, Denmark Several industrial demonstration projects taken up by different companies worldwide Benefits: 1. Lesser feedstock consumption to produce an energy efficiency of 85–90% 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadmap to sustainable plastic waste management: a focused study on recycling PET for triboelectric nanogenerator production in Singapore and India

Lai

Sharma

Roy

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study explores the implications of plastic waste and recycling management on recyclates for manufacturing clean-energy harvesting devices. The focus is on a comparative analysis of using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) production, in two densely populated Asian countries of large economies, namely Singapore and India. Of the total 930,000 tonnes of plastic waste generated in Singapore in 2019, only 4% were recycled and the rest were incinerated. In comparison, India yielded 8.6 million tonnes of plastic waste and 70% were recycled. Both countries have strict recycling goals and have instituted different waste and recycling management regulations. The findings show that the waste policies and legislations, responsibilities and heterogeneity in collection systems and infrastructure of the respective country are the pivotal attributes to successful recycling. Challenges to recycle plastic include segregation, adulterants and macromolecular structure degradation which could influence the recyclate properties and pose challenges for manufacturing products. A model was developed to evaluate the economic value and mechanical potential of PET recyclate. The model predicted a 30% loss of material performance and a 65% loss of economic value after the first recycling cycle. The economic value depreciates to zero with decreasing mechanical performance of plastic after multiple recycling cycles. For understanding how TENG technology could be incorporated into the circular economy, a model has estimated about 20 million and 7300 billion pieces of aerogel mats can be manufactured from the PET bottles disposed in Singapore and India, respectively which were sufficient to produce small-scale TENG devices for all peoples in both countries.

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Influence of reaction parameters on thermal liquefaction of plastic wastes into oil: A review

Cited by 14 publications

References 64 publications

Thermochemical Valorization of Waste Plastic for Production of Synthetic Fuels, Fine Chemicals, and Carbon Nanotubes

Thermochemical Valorization of Waste Plastic for Production of Synthetic Fuels, Fine Chemicals, and Carbon Nanotubes

Plastic Waste Utilization via Chemical Recycling: Approaches, Limitations, and the Challenges Ahead

Roadmap to sustainable plastic waste management: a focused study on recycling PET for triboelectric nanogenerator production in Singapore and India

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