Influence of relative blood flow restriction pressure on muscle activation and muscle adaptation

Counts, Brittany R.; Dankel, Scott J.; Barnett, Brian E.; Kim, Daeyeol; Mouser, J. Grant; Allen, Kirsten; Thiebaud, Robert S.; Abe, Takashi; Bemben, Michael G.; Loenneke, Jeremy P.

doi:10.1002/mus.24756

Cited by 184 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Therefore, it can be assumed that as long as a great enough restriction pressure is applied, further increasing this pressure will provide no further adaptation, although the minimal pressure required is unknown. This hypothesis is supported by Counts et al [33], who demonstrated that increases in muscle size and strength are similar when exercising with either 40 or 90 % arterial occlusion. If this is further supported, it would seem that lower pressures would be more ideal for lowering the potential risk of an adverse event, which, while rare, would conceivably be more likely to occur under higher restrictive pressures [61].…”

Section: Restriction Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…A total of 19 articles were found meeting all inclusion criteria [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] (Tables 1, 2, 3). A meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively compare increases in muscle size and strength occurring from low-load BFR training with that of volume-matched unrestricted low-load training (i.e., the same protocol in the absence of the BFR stimulus).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following sections aim to discuss different muscle adaptations occurring in the upper body and training variables that may modulate the BFR stimulus. Burgomaster et al [31] No measure of muscle size, protocol involved one set to fatigue Credeur et al [32] Handgrip exercise was performed, and muscle size were measured using circumference Counts et al [33] Control group also performed low-load BFR training under a different restrictive pressure…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, arbitrary pressures (same pressure for all individuals independent of individual differences) are most commonly used in the upper and lower body, despite the suggestion that the restriction stimulus be made relative to the individual [58,59]. This can be seen in Table 2, as only one study [33] made the pressure relative to the individual by prescribing it as a percent of arterial occlusion rather than simply applying the same pressure for all individuals. The prescription of a relative pressure can be done by directly measuring arterial occlusion, or appropriately estimating it based on limb circumference, as this has been shown to be the greatest predictor of arterial occlusion [58].…”

Section: Restriction Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure

et al. 2015

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Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been shown to increase muscle size and strength when combined with low-load [20-30 % one-repetition maximum (1RM)] resistance training in the lower body. Fewer studies have examined low-load BFR training in combination with upper body exercise, which may differ as some musculature cannot be directly restricted by the BFR stimulus (chest, shoulders). The objective of this study was to examine muscle adaptations occurring in the upper body in response to low-load BFR training. Google Scholar, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched through July 2015 using the key phrases 'blood flow restriction training', 'occlusion resistance training', and 'KAATSU'. Upper body training studies implementing the BFR stimulus and providing a pre and post measure of muscle size and/or strength were included. A total of 19 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. The effectiveness of low-load BFR training appears to be minimally impacted by alterations to the intensity and restrictive pressures used; however, the ability to quantitatively analyze our results was limited by unstandardized protocols. Low-load BFR training increased muscle size and strength in limbs located proximal (chest, shoulders) and distal (biceps, triceps) to the restrictive stimulus; while volume-matched exercise in the absence of BFR did not elicit beneficial muscle adaptations. Some of the musculature in the upper body cannot be directly restricted by the application of BFR. Despite this, increases in muscle size and strength were observed in muscles placed under direct and indirect BFR.

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Section: Restriction Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Restriction Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure

et al. 2015

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“…In addition, different material cuffs (elastic vs. nylon) of the same width had similar arterial occlusion pressures [16]. In the present study, we used a moderate cuff pressure (approximately 60% of estimated arterial occlusion pressure) even though similar training adaptations have been observed between 40% and 90% of arterial occlusion pressure [17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

The Influence of Applied Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs on Kinematics of Submaximal Sprinting

Nagahara

Abe

2017

JFMK

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Abstract:It is unknown how sports activity combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the limbs can impact the exercising limb's motion. We aimed to compare the lower limb kinematics between submaximal sprinting with and without BFR cuffs (i.e., BFR and normal conditions) when they were applied on the upper thigh. Ten collegiate sprinters performed five 45-m submaximal sprint trials under normal and BFR conditions. The BFR was applied to both legs at the proximal portion of the thigh utilizing elastic cuffs. The cuff pressure was set at approximately 60% of estimated arterial occlusion pressure. Spatiotemporal and hip and knee joint kinematic variables for both legs during submaximal sprinting were obtained using a motion capture system. The results showed, for spatiotemporal variables, no significant difference (p > 0.653), a trivial or small effect size (0.050-0.205), and high correlation coefficients (r > 0.923) between conditions. Moreover, for the joint angles and angular velocities, no significant difference (p > 0.244) and a trivial or small effect size (0.003-0.538), as well as significant correlations (r >0.684) were found between conditions. These results indicate that, in general, there is probably no influence of BFR cuffs on the upper thigh on running kinematics.

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Sex segregation in strength sports: Do equal‐sized muscles express the same levels of strength between sexes?

Kataoka

Spitz

Wong

et al. 2023

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: Concerns have been raised against the current two-sex binary category in sports competitions. The thesis states that if males and females were separated based on muscle size, it would negate the strength advantage between the sexes. We tested the possible sex differences in various strength outcomes when pair-matched for muscle thickness. Methods: A total of 16 different data sets (n = 963) were assessed to pairmatch females with males who had a muscle thickness value within 2%. We further compared the competition performances of the smallest male weight class within the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) to different weight classes in females. Results: Overall, 76%-88% of the strength assessments were greater in males than females with pair-matched muscle thickness, regardless of contraction types (i.e., isotonic, isometric, isokinetic). Additionally, males in the lightest weight division in the IPF largely outperformed females in heavier weight divisions. Conclusions: Our results would suggest that segregation based on muscle mass or surrogates of muscle mass (e.g., lean body mass) might not be an appropriate classification to create fair competition within strength sports. This is not to refute the concept of the desegregation of the two-sex binary category but to present data that raises important concerns about the potential sexbased differences in strength performance.

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Influence of relative blood flow restriction pressure on muscle activation and muscle adaptation

Abstract: We suggest that higher relative pressures may not be necessary when exercising under BFR.

Cited by 184 publications

References 29 publications

The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure

The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure

The Influence of Applied Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs on Kinematics of Submaximal Sprinting

Sex segregation in strength sports: Do equal‐sized muscles express the same levels of strength between sexes?

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