Influence of SiO2 on the gas-based direct reduction behavior of Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite pellet by hydrogen-rich gases

Microstructure Ti–Fe Phase Separation Mechanism in the Direct Reduction Process of Titanomagnetite with Coal by Microwave Heating

“…Titanomagnetite is a polymetallic co-associated mineral with iron and titanium as the main metal elements, followed by other elements (vanadium, cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, scandium, selenium, and gallium) [1][2][3][4][5] . Titanomagnetite is widely distributed in the world, mainly in Russia, South Africa, New Zealand, China, the United States, Canada, Norway, Finland, India, and Sweden [6][7][8] .…”

“…However, realizing the large-scale and comprehensive clean recovery of Fe, V, and Ti in titanomagnetite remains a challenge due to a technical bottleneck caused by the poor phase separation effect of the associated Ti-Fe 14,15) . The blast furnace process, which is the mainstream process for treating titanomagnetite concentrate (TC), can recover Fe and V, but the grade of the Tibearing blast furnace slag produced using this process is too low (TiO 2 : 25 wt.%) to be further used, and the resultant large amount of stockpiled slag does not only pollute the environment but also wastes titanium resources 6,11,15,16) ; however, researchers are trying to comprehensively recover Fe, V, and Ti from TC through the development of nonblast-furnace smelting methods 2,9,11,[17][18][19][20][21] . TC is treated by direct reduction and electric furnace melting in a typical nonblast-furnace smelting process.…”