Influence of Sodium Replacement on Fluid Ingestion Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration

Wemple, R. D.; Morocco, Tamara S.; Mack, Gary W.

doi:10.1123/ijsn.7.2.104

Cited by 62 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…Not all salts exert the same effects and 20 mg is relatively low, but 46 mg/L of sodium chloride added to a flavored beverage significantly increased fluid intake (Wemple et al 1997). A possible explanation for increased Fvol in our male participants is that naproxen sodium stimulated thirst.…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 75%

Effects of a 24-h naproxen dose on hydration and electrolyte measures during moderate-intensity cycling in the heat

Emerson

Torres-McGehee

Davis

et al. 2017

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Few controlled laboratory studies have examined the negative effects non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can have on fluid-electrolyte balance during exercise. Our objective was to determine whether a 24-h naproxen dose negatively affected hydration and electrolyte measures before, during, and 3 h after 90 min of cycling in a hot or ambient environment. Using a double blind, randomized and counterbalanced cross-over design, 11 volunteers (six male, five female) completed four trials, with conditions as follows: (1) placebo and ambient, (2) placebo and heat, (3) naproxen and ambient, and (4) naproxen and heat. We found no statistically significant differences among experimental conditions for any dependent measures. Though not statistically significant, mean fluid volume was higher and urine volume was lower during naproxen trials compared with placebos. Mean aggregate plasma sodium was <135 mmol/L at all time points and did not significantly change over time. Overall plasma potassium significantly increased pre-(3.9 ± 0.4) to post-exercise (4.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p = 0.02). In conclusion, an acute naproxen dose did not significantly alter hydration-electrolyte balance. The trend for naproxen to increase fluid volume and decrease urine volume suggests the start of fluid retention, which should concern individuals at risk for hyponatremia or with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.

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Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 75%

Effects of a 24-h naproxen dose on hydration and electrolyte measures during moderate-intensity cycling in the heat

Emerson

Torres-McGehee

Davis

et al. 2017

FACETS

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“…Whilst the addition of sodium chloride to Xuids can increase volitional intake (Nose et al 1988;Wemple et al 1997), high sodium content may make a drink unpalatable (Nadel et al 1990). Commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks are therefore designed to strike a balance between eYcacy and palatability and typically contain around 20-25 mmol/l sodium (ShirreVs and Maughan 2000;ShirreVs et al 2007a), but the electrolyte content of milk is signiWcantly greater.…”

Section: Other Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of the effects of milk and a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on the restoration of fluid balance and exercise capacity in a hot, humid environment

et al. 2008

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Following a 2.0 +/- 0.1% body mass loss induced by intermittent exercise in the heat, seven male volunteers ingested either a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CE) or skimmed milk (M) in a volume equal to 150% of body mass loss. At the end of the 3 h recovery period, subjects were essentially in positive fluid balance on trial M (191 +/- 162 mL), and euhydrated on trial CE (-135 +/- 392 mL) despite being in negative sodium balance on both trials and negative potassium balance on trial CE. This difference of 326 +/- 354 mL or 0.4% body mass approached significance (P = 0.051). Subjects ingested 137 +/- 15 and 113 +/- 12 g of CHO during the CE and M trials, respectively, as well as 75 +/- 8 g of protein during the M trial. At the end of the 3 h recovery period, an exercise capacity test was completed at 61% VO(2peak) in warm (35.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C), humid (63 +/- 2%) conditions. HR (P = 0.020) and rectal temperature (P = 0.045) were higher on trial M, but no difference in exercise time to exhaustion was observed between trials (39.6 +/- 7.3 min vs. 39.7 +/- 8.1 min on trials CE and M, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that milk can be an effective post-exercise rehydration drink, with subjects remaining in net positive fluid balance throughout the recovery period. Despite the effect on fluid retention, exercise capacity was not different between skimmed milk and a commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte drink 4 h following exercise/heat-induced body mass loss.

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“…3,4 Researchers have found that the sodium content of rehydration solutions provided after exercise-induced dehydration is a significant factor in the restoration of body water loss, especially plasma volume. 5,6 It has also been demonstrated that administration of high-sodium solutions results in a selective restoration of plasma volume at even higher levels than predehydration values. 5,6 When investigators included small quantities of sodium in fluid-replacement drinks during exercise, they did not find consistent improvements in retention of ingested fluid in the vascular compartment, reporting either a better maintenance of plasma volume 7,8 or no effect.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 It has also been demonstrated that administration of high-sodium solutions results in a selective restoration of plasma volume at even higher levels than predehydration values. 5,6 When investigators included small quantities of sodium in fluid-replacement drinks during exercise, they did not find consistent improvements in retention of ingested fluid in the vascular compartment, reporting either a better maintenance of plasma volume 7,8 or no effect. [9][10][11] Possibly, the sodium test drinks in these studies failed to produce a clear difference in plasmasodium concentration compared with control drinks because of the small quantities of the sodium provided 7 or because of the exercise protocol's short duration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Replacement and Plasma Sodium Drop During Exercise in the Heat When Fluid Intake Matches Fluid Loss

Anastasiou

Kavouras

Arnaoutis

et al. 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Sodium replacement during prolonged exercise in the heat may be critically important to maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and muscle contractility.Objective: To examine the effectiveness of sodium-containing sports drinks in preventing hyponatremia and muscle cramping during prolonged exercise in the heat.Design: Randomized crossover study.Patients or Other Participants: Thirteen active men. Intervention(s): Participants completed 4 trials of an exercise protocol in the heat (306C) consisting of 3 hours of exercise (alternating 30 minutes of walking and cycling at a heart rate of 130 and 140 beats per minute, respectively); a set of standing calf raises (8 sets of 30 repetitions); and 45 minutes of steep, brisk walking (5.5 km?h 21 on a 12% grade). During exercise, participants consumed fluids to match body mass loss. A different drink was consumed for each trial: carbohydrateelectrolyte drink containing 36.2 mmol/L sodium (HNa), carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing 19.9 mmol/L sodium (LNa), mineral water (W), and colored and flavored distilled water (PL).Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum sodium, plasma osmolality, plasma volume changes, and muscle cramping frequency.Results: During both HNa and LNa trials, serum sodium remained relatively constant (serum sodium concentration at the end of the protocol was 137.3 mmol/L and 136.7 mmol/L, respectively). However, a clear decrease was observed in W (134.5 6 0.8 mmol/L) and PL (134.4 6 0.8 mmol/L) trials compared with HNa and LNa trials (P , .05). The same trends were observed for plasma osmolality (P , .05). Albeit not significant, plasma volume was preserved during the HNa and LNa trials, but a reduction of 2.5% was observed in the W and PL trials. None of the volunteers experienced cramping.Conclusions: The data suggest that sodium intake during prolonged exercise in the heat plays a significant role in preventing sodium losses that may lead to hyponatremia when fluid intake matches sweat losses.Key Words: endurance, fluid replacement, hydration, hyponatremia, plasma volume, sports drinks Key Points: N Under environmental conditions in which fluid intake matched body mass loss, relatively moderate amounts of sodium added to the hydration solution attenuated the decline in sodium concentration of plasma and preserved plasma volume at pre-exercise levels.N Sodium supplementation did not increase serum sodium even when participants consumed a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing 36.2 mmol/L sodium.N A relationship between sodium supplementation and the prevention of exercise-associated muscle cramps cannot be established from the environmental and exercise factors of this study.N Further research using appropriate exercise protocols is needed to clarify the effect of sodium supplementation on the propensity to cramp during exercise.

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Influence of Sodium Replacement on Fluid Ingestion Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of a 24-h naproxen dose on hydration and electrolyte measures during moderate-intensity cycling in the heat

Effects of a 24-h naproxen dose on hydration and electrolyte measures during moderate-intensity cycling in the heat

A comparison of the effects of milk and a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on the restoration of fluid balance and exercise capacity in a hot, humid environment

Sodium Replacement and Plasma Sodium Drop During Exercise in the Heat When Fluid Intake Matches Fluid Loss

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