Influence of stage of maturity of grass silages on digestion processes in dairy cows. 2. Rumen contents, passage rates, distribution of rumen and faecal particles and mastication activity

Bosch, M.W.; Lammers-Wienhoven, S.C.W.; Bangma, G.A.; Bôer, H.; Adrichem, P.W.M. van

doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(12)80006-6

Cited by 43 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The differences in digestibility were obtained by different levels of N fertilization and regrowth period of grass plots. The objective of the in vitro study was to determine the changes in the ratio of Many studies (Faichney, 1975;MacRae, 1975;Udé n et al, 1980;Colucci et al, 1990;Bosch et al, 1992;Stefanon et al, 1992) have stated that for a marker to accurately determine nutrient digestibility or digesta passage kinetics, it has to be non-absorbable. In theory, this is not necessary because if a marker is absorbed at a known level and endogenous C in faecal (undigested) samples is unaffected by the digestive processes, and solely reflects the process of passage as argued below.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the fractional rate of passage is a major determinant of microbial protein efficiency (Dijkstra et al, 2007). Conventional studies on digesta passage dynamics often make use of external markers, for example, rare earth elements, heavy metal mordants/chelates, metal oxides and polyethylene glycol (Faichney, 1975;MacRae, 1975;Udé n et al, 1980;Colucci et al, 1990;Bosch et al, 1992;Stefanon et al, 1992) or internal markers, for example, indigestible -E-mail: wilbert.pellikaan@wur.nl fibre fractions such as rumen indigestible NDF and cellulase indigestible ADF (Tamminga et al, 1989a and1989b). The general consensus about the criteria for an ideal marker are that a marker should be (1) non-absorbable, (2) neither affect nor be affected by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) nor by its residing microbial population, (3) physically similar or intimately associated with the fraction it represents and (4) easy to analyse without interfering with other analyses (Faichney, 1975;Owens and Hanson, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Pellikaan

Verstegen

Tamminga

et al. 2013

Animal

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The aim of the current study was to explore the use of the tracer 13C as an internal marker to assess feed fraction-specific digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of dairy cows. Knowledge on feed-specific fractional passage rates is essential to improve estimations on the extent of rumen degradation and microbial protein efficiency; however, this information is largely lacking. An in vivo and in vitro experiment was conducted with grass silages (Lolium perenne L.) that were enriched with 13C by growing the grass under elevated 13CO2 conditions. In a crossover design, two dairy cows received pulse doses of two 13C-enriched grass silages and chromium-mordanted neutral detergent fibre (Cr-NDF) into the rumen. The two 13C-enriched grass silages used differed in digestibility and were grown under identical field conditions as the bulk silages fed to the animals. Faecal excretion patterns of 13C-enriched dry matter (13C-DM), neutral detergent fibre (13C-NDF) and Cr-NDF were established, and a nonlinear multicompartmental model was used to determine their rumen passage kinetics. In addition, the 13C-enriched silages were incubated in rumen liquid in an in vitro batch culture system at different time intervals to determine the effect of fermentation on 13C-enrichment in the residue. The in vitro study showed that the 13C : 12C ratios in DM and NDF residues remained stable from 24 h of incubation onwards. In addition, in vitro fractional degradation rates for 12C in the DM and NDF did not differ from those of 13C, indicating that fermentative degradation does not affect the 13C : 12C ratio in the DM nor in the NDF fraction of the residue. Model fits to the faecal excretion curves showed a significant difference in fractional rumen passage rates between Cr-NDF, 13C-DM and 13C-NDF (P ⩽ 0.025). Silage type had no clear effect on rumen passage kinetics (P ⩾ 0.081). Moreover, it showed that peak enrichments for 13C-DM and 13C-NDF in faeces were reached at 30.7 and 41.7 h post dosing, respectively. This is well after the time (24 h) when the 13C : 12C ratios of the in vitro unfermented residues have reached stable enrichment level. Fractional rate constants for particle passage from the rumen are estimated from the descending slope of faecal excretion curves. The present study shows that the decline in 13C : 12C ratio after peak enrichment is not affected by fermentative degradation and therefore can be used to assess feed component-specific fractional passage rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Pellikaan

Verstegen

Tamminga

et al. 2013

Animal

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“…Declining NDF intake with high silage D-values strongly suggests that factors other than rumen fill were limiting intake. Indeed, rumen NDF pool size has decreased with improved digestibility of grass silage (Bosch et al, 1992;Rinne et al, 2002;Kuoppala et al, 2004) suggesting that cows do not use all the rumen capacity when highly digestible grass silages are fed. Greater response in SDMI to increased D-value in high producing cows also suggests that rumen fill was not the limiting factor, and the cows were able to increase the intake of highly digestible silages when their energy demand increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the data do not preclude that rumen fill has an effect on intake regulation, but it showed that it is not the only mechanism. The present data and data from rumen evacuation studies (Bosch et al, 1992; Figure 1 The effect of including new components to the silage dry-matter (DM) intake index on residual mean-square error (RMSE) of silage DM intake (Exp ¼ RMSE after excluding random study effect; FQ ¼ fermentation quality; W-Crop ¼ whole crop). Huhtanen, Rinne and Nousiainen Rinne et al, 2002;Kuoppala et al, 2004) support the integration of physical and metabolic constraints on ruminant feed intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a revision of the relative silage dry-matter intake index

Huhtanen

Rinne

Nousiainen

2007

Animal

203

239

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An evaluation of the factors affecting silage dry-matter intake (SDMI) of dairy cows was conducted based on dietary treatment means. The data were divided into six subsets based on the silage treatments used in the experiments: concentration of digestible organic matter in dry matter (D-value) influenced by the maturity of grass ensiled (n ¼ 81), fermentation quality influenced by silage additives (n ¼ 240), dry matter (DM) concentration influenced by wilting of grass prior to ensiling (W; n ¼ 85), comparison of silages made from primary growth or regrowth of grass (n ¼ 46), and replacement of grass silage with legume (L; n ¼ 53) or fermented whole-crop cereal (WC; n ¼ 37) silages. The data were subjected to the mixed model regression analysis. Both silage D-value and fermentation quality significantly affected SDMI. The average effects of D-value and total acid (TA) concentration were 17.0 g and 2 12.8 per 1 g/kg DM, respectively. At a given D-value, silage neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) concentration tended to decrease SDMI. Silage TA concentration was the best fermentation parameter predicting SDMI. Adding other parameters into the multivariate models did not improve the fit and the slopes of the other parameters remained insignificant. Total NDF intake was curvilinearly related to silage D-value the maximum intake being reached at a D-value of 640 g/kg DM. Results imply that physical fill is not limiting SDMI of highly digestible grass silages and that both physical and metabolic factors constrain total DM intake in an interactive manner. Silage DM concentration had an independent curvilinear effect on SDMI. Replacing primary growth silage with regrowth, L or WC silages affected SDMI significantly, the response to regrowth silage being linearly decreasing and to L and WC quadratically increasing. The outcome of factors affecting SDMI was used to update the relative SDMI index as follows: SDMI index ¼ 100 þ 10 £ [(D-value 2 680) £ 0.0170 2 (TA 2 80) £ 0.0128 þ (0.0198 £ (DM 2 250) 2 0.00002364 £ (DM 2 2 250 2 )) 2 0.44 £ a þ 4.13 £ b 2 2.58 £ b 2 þ 5.90 £ c 2 6.14 £ c 2 2 0.0023 £ (550 2 NDF)], where a, b and c represent the proportions (0-1) of regrowth, L or WC silages from total silage DM. For the whole data set, one index unit corresponded to the default value of 0.10 kg in SDMI. The SDMI index explained proportionally 0.852 of the variation in SDMI with 0.34 kg DM per day residual. The updated SDMI index provides improved basis for the practical dairy cow ration formulation and economic evaluation.

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“…Previous studies based on external or inert markers suggest that grass silage quality affects passage kinetics, although effects were not clear and results from literature range from slightly negative or no effects (Mambrini and Peyraud, 1994;Lamb et al, 2002;Lund et al, 2006;Kuoppala et al, 2009;Bayat et al, 2010Bayat et al, , 2011 to clearly positive effects (Gasa et al, 1991;Bosch et al, 1992a;Rinne et al, 1997aRinne et al, , 2002 of advancing plant maturity on K 1 . Effects of N fertilization were not specifically investigated with regard to passage kinetics, but results from in situ degradation studies indicate clear effects of N fertilization level on fractional degradation rates and the potentially rumen digestible fraction (van Vuuren et al, 1991;Valk et al, 1996;Peyraud et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Warner

Dijkstra

Hendriks

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Fractional passage rates are required to predict nutrient absorption in ruminants but data on nutrientspecific passage kinetics are largely lacking. With the use of the stable isotope ratio (δ) as an internal marker, we assessed passage kinetics of fiber and fiberbound nitrogen (N) of intrinsically labeled grass silage from fecal and omasal excretion patterns of δ 13 C and δ 15 N. In a 6 × 6 Latin square, lactating dairy cows received grass silages [455 g/kg of total diet dry matter (DM) ] in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement from ryegrass swards fertilized at low (45 kg of N/ha) or high (90 kg of N/ha) levels of N and harvested at 3 maturity stages. Feed intake (16.7 ± 0.48 kg of DM/d; mean ± standard error of the mean) and milk yield (26.7 ± 0.92 kg/d) increased at the high level of N fertilization and at decreasing maturity. Nutrient digestibility decreased with increasing plant maturity, particularly at the high level of N fertilization, essentially reflecting dietary treatment effects on the nutritional composition of the grass silage. Fractional rumen passage rates (K 1 ) were highest and total mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract (TMRT) was lowest when based on the external marker chromium mordanted fiber (Cr-NDF; 0.047/h and 38.0 h, respectively). Fecal δ 13 C in the acid detergent fiber fraction ( 13 CADF) provided the lowest K 1 (0.023/h) and the highest TMRT (61.1 h) and highest peak concentration time (PCT; 24.3 h) among markers. In comparison, fecal fiber-bound N ( 15 NADF) had a considerably higher K 1 (0.032/h) and lower TMRT (46.4 h) than 13 CADF. Total N (measured with 15 NDM) had a comparable K 1 (0.034/h) to that of 15 NADF but provided the highest fractional passage rates from the proximal colon-cecum (K 2 ; 0.37/h) and lowest PCT (17.4 h) among markers. A literature review indicated unclear effects of grass silage maturity on K 1 and unknown effects of N fertilization on K 1 . Our study indicated no effect of advancing maturity on fecal K 1 and a trend for K 1 to increase with the high level of N fertilization. Parameter K 2 increased, whereas PCT and TMRT generally decreased with the high level of N fertilization. Omasal digesta sampling largely confirmed results based on fecal sampling. Results indicate that the use of δ 13 C and δ 15 N can describe fiber-specific passage kinetics of forage.

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Influence of stage of maturity of grass silages on digestion processes in dairy cows. 2. Rumen contents, passage rates, distribution of rumen and faecal particles and mastication activity

Cited by 43 publications

References 21 publications

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Evaluation of the factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a revision of the relative silage dry-matter intake index

Passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

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