Influence of testing parameters on biomass stove performance and development of an improved testing protocol

A quantitative model of cookstove variability and field performance: Implications for sample size

“…Emissions from a cookstove are strongly influenced by the type of fuel, particularly the moisture content [10,20,26]. The emissions rates will increase above or below some optimum value of fuel moisture [26,27].…”

“…A prediction of fuel-moisture content (for seasoned fuel) was established by considering a range of ambient temperatures and humidity conditions [29]. An adjustment factor for the effect of fuel-moisture content on emissions was established by considering empirical data on emissions at different moisture contents [26,27] (Fig. 4).…”

“…The emissions rates will increase above or below some optimum value of fuel moisture [26,27]. Fuel moisture content is the mass fraction of water contained in fuel [28].…”

Influence of fuel-bed temperatures on CO and condensed matter emissions from packed-bed residential coal combustion

“…high temperatures at pyrolysis in the TLUD compared to the BLUD method) can be explained by the stability of tar molecules at high temperatures and the reactions of tar by gaseous species existing in the post-flame region of the stove [26]. A detailed comparison of BLUD and TLUD aerosol morphologies from residential fixed-bed coal combustion is presented and discussed elsewhere (See Makonese [26]). 4 …”

“…The char surface oxidation rates are primarily a function of the rate oxygenated molecules can diffuse to the fuel surface [23][24]. According to L 'Orange [25], as solid carbon is pulled from the charcoal an ash layer, composed primarily of silicon dioxide and calcium oxide [26], is left on the surface. The ash layer acts like insulation reducing heat transfer from the charcoal, retards diffusion, thereby slowing the overall reaction.…”