Influence of the Epoxy Resin Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Produced Bidirectional [±45°] Carbon/Epoxy Woven Composites

Ramírez-Herrera, Claudia Angélica; Cruz-Cruz, Isidro; Jiménez-Cedeño, Isaac H; Martínez-Romero, Óscar; Elı́as-Zúñiga, Alex

doi:10.3390/polym13081273

Cited by 53 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Some alternatives are 160 °C for 15 min and 135 °C for 30 min, which lead to a residual conversion degree of ~0.04, which can be considered as sufficient for many applications. This is consistent with that reported by Ramírez-Herrera et al in [ 28 ] using the FTIR technique. However, if the maximum values for UTS and Young’s modulus are of interest, a curing time of 160 °C for 15 min could be sufficient.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The apparent activation energy diminishes as the curing degree increases. This behavior has been attributed to the increasing number of hydroxyl groups in the propagation stage of an autocatalytic reaction; these –OH groups are generated as a consequence of the amines reacting with epoxides [ 21 , 28 ]. In the beginning, high activation energy or a high energy barrier can be caused by the steric hindrance during the epoxy-amine addition [ 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This behavior agrees with that stated above: Reaction 1 is faster than reaction 2; therefore, at low temperatures the two reactions are incomplete, and at high temperatures, it is expected that only reaction 1 is close to its completion (or it is complete). In other words, based on the relative contribution of each reaction to the total curing process, as shown in Table 1 , the narrow temperature window needed for reaction 1 could be related to the additive (or modifier) consumption included in the modified epoxy resin, whereas the second exotherm includes the contribution of the oxirane ring-opening and subsequent reactions [ 28 ]. Thus, a wider temperature window is required to attain a complete degree of curing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To control the exotherm and cure cycle of Aerotuf 275-34™, the curing kinetic parameters must be determined to establish the structure–property–processing relationships for manufacturing high-performance CFRPCs from modified epoxy thermoset resin. Diverse analytic techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) [ 21 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 ], Raman spectroscopy [ 31 , 32 ], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [ 33 , 34 ], and rheological analysis, e.g., dynamo-mechanical analysis (DMA) [ 13 , 35 ], have been employed to monitor the extent of the curing reaction of epoxy resins. From these techniques, DSC is one of the most extensively used due to its suitability and simplicity in determining kinetic parameters [ 21 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From these techniques, DSC is one of the most extensively used due to its suitability and simplicity in determining kinetic parameters [ 21 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 ]. Although the precise chemical structure of Aerotuf 275-34™ is unknown, previous studies indicate that some functional groups are related to amine, imide, and maleimide units, and therefore the resin could be identified as a bisphenol A resin derivative [ 28 ]. Independently of the chemical nature, kinetics parameters can be obtained in a relatively simple manner through the DSC technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Epoxy Resin Curing Kinetics on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composites

et al. 2022

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In this study, the kinetic parameters belonging to the cross-linking process of a modified epoxy resin, Aerotuf 275-34™, were investigated. Resin curing kinetics are crucial to understanding the structure–property–processing relationship for manufacturing high-performance carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs). The parameters were obtained using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger, Borchardt–Daniels, and Friedman approaches. The DSC thermograms show two exothermic peaks that were deconvoluted as two separate reactions that follow autocatalytic models. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of produced carbon fiber/Aerotuf 275-34™ laminates using thermosetting polymers such as epoxies, phenolics, and cyanate esters were evaluated as a function of the conversion degree, and a close correlation was found between the degree of curing and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS). We found that when the composite material is cured at 160 °C for 15 min, it reaches a conversion degree of 0.97 and a UTS value that accounts for 95% of the maximum value obtained at 200 °C (180 MPa). Thus, the application of such processing conditions could be enough to achieve good mechanical properties of the composite laminates. These results suggest the possibility for the development of strategies towards manufacturing high-performance materials based on the modified epoxy resin (Aerotuf 275-34™) through the curing process.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Epoxy Resin Curing Kinetics on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composites

et al. 2022

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Interplay of curing and thermal degradation in epoxy resins cured with amino acids: Influence of the maximum curing temperature on the network structure, crystal morphology and mechanical properties

Rothenhäusler,

Ruckdaeschel

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Bio‐based alternatives for epoxy resin curing agents are a necessity for fiber reinforced polymer composites to become more sustainable. Here, the precise knowledge about the optimal curing cycle and its influence on the thermoset's mechanical properties are imperative. Therefore, the influence of the maximum curing temperature on the network structure, crystal morphology and mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured with l‐arginine was investigated with the goal to derive structure–property relationships and a favorable curing cycle. The maximum curing temperature used can be categorized into two regimes: first, the temperature range in which the thermoset reaches complete curing and second, the temperature regime in which the thermoset is fully cured and the thermal degradation starts to diminish its mechanical properties. An optimized curing regimen for achieving high flexural strength accompanied by adequate fracture toughness entails subjecting the material to a curing cycle comprising a duration of 1 h at a temperature of 150°C, followed by an additional 2 h at a temperature of 170°C. This study represents a pioneering effort in optimizing the curing process of amino acid‐cured epoxy resin, specifically focusing on achieving the most favorable mechanical properties as a result.

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Investigation and assessment of epoxy resin adhesives using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry

Şengül

Tüzün

2023

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Epoxy resin adhesives are very attractive for many industries, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries because they eliminate heavy connection elements, such as bolts and screws, and reduce the total weight. This study assesses developed epoxy resin adhesives using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry. The curing reaction between Epikote 828 epoxy resin and Epikure polyamidoamine curing agent 3090, and the chemical structure of the additives (CAB‐O‐SIL TS‐720) used for rheology control and six different types of fillers (calcite with particle diameters of 700 nm, 5 μm, and 10 μm, coated calcite with a particle diameter of 900 nm, and barite and calcite with a particle diameter of 5 μm) employed in the adhesives are investigated. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry results of the epoxy resin and curing agent demonstrate that 83.5 % epoxy conversion is achieved at a temperature of 25 °C. The chemical composition of the additives with six different types of fillers and 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % additions of CAB‐O‐SIL TS‐720 prepared in both nujol mull and potassium bromide discs is characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry. The potassium bromide discs yield higher intensities owing to good packing of cubic particles of potassium bromide with nano particle size CAB‐O‐SIL TS‐720 and all filler types.

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Influence of the Epoxy Resin Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Produced Bidirectional [±45°] Carbon/Epoxy Woven Composites

Cited by 53 publications

References 36 publications

Influence of Epoxy Resin Curing Kinetics on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composites

Influence of Epoxy Resin Curing Kinetics on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composites

Interplay of curing and thermal degradation in epoxy resins cured with amino acids: Influence of the maximum curing temperature on the network structure, crystal morphology and mechanical properties

Investigation and assessment of epoxy resin adhesives using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry

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