Influence of the estrous cycle on urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract in dogs

Abstract

Urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract are affected by the changes in hormonal balance that occur during the estrous cycle. In sexually intact female dogs, estrous phase determination is important for the interpretation of urodynamic data.

The outcome of combined urethropexy and colposuspension for management of bitches with urinary incontinence associated with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence

“…Surgical intervention for management of urinary incontinence associated with USMI aims to achieve 1 of 3 goals: increasing urethral resistance, relocation of the bladder neck into an intra‐abdominal position, or increasing urethral length …”

“…The incidence of USMI is further influenced by a complex of interacting factors including urethral tone and length, position of the bladder neck, body size and breed, neuter status, sex hormone concentrations, obesity, age, and tail docking . Female dogs affected by USMI tend to have shorter urethras than continent dogs and this is associated with “pelvic bladder” syndrome thought to cause changes in the pressure gradient between the urinary bladder and the urethra itself resulting in a non‐simultaneous effect of the intra‐abdominal pressure on the bladder and on the bladder neck/proximal urethra leading to urinary leakage.…”

Transobturator Vaginal Tape Inside Out for Treatment of Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence in Female Dogs: Cadaveric Study and Preliminary Study in Continent Female Dogs

“…Clinical signs such as urine leakage during sleep or periods of excitement may develop a few weeks to several years after spaying, most commonly after 2–3 years 2,4,5 . The cause is multifactorial and putative factors include urethral tone and length, position of the bladder neck, breed, size, neutering, obesity, age, and tail docking 2,3,6–16 …”

Transobturator Vaginal Tape Inside Out for Treatment of Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence: Preliminary Results in 7 Female Dogs

“…2,4,5 The cause is multifactorial with numerous factors identified or suspected to contribute to incontinence, including urethral tone and length, position of the urinary bladder neck, breed, size, neutering, obesity, age, and tail docking. 2,3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The initial treatment of USMI is usually medical. Alpha-adrenergic drugs (eg, phenylpropanolamine [PPA]) are commonly used [17][18][19] and the reported success rate ranges from 85-97% continence.…”

“…Clinical signs such as urine leakage during sleep or periods of excitement may develop a few weeks to several years after spaying, most commonly after 2–3 years 2,4,5 . The cause is multifactorial with numerous factors identified or suspected to contribute to incontinence, including urethral tone and length, position of the urinary bladder neck, breed, size, neutering, obesity, age, and tail docking 2,3,6–16 …”