Influence of the frequency of consumption of foodstuffs on the risk of overweight and obesity in a group of post-menopausal women

Abstract

Introduction A noticeable change during the post-menopausal period is a modification of nutritional behaviors. The aim was to study the frequency of consumption of specific foodstuffs by post-menopausal women. Additionally, the influence of nutritional behaviors on the risk of overweight and obesity among post-menopausal women was assessed. Material and methods The study was conducted among 103 post-menopausal women in Poland in January to July 2016. It was a nationally recruited sample. To determine the frequency of consumption of foodstuffs the validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ-D10) was used. Additionally, socio-economic data were gathered and anthropometric examinations were carried out. Finally, multivariate logistic regression was performed and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Results The results showed that the most frequently consumed products included: vegetables, fresh and dried fruits, sausages and cold meats, refined and unrefined cereal products, milk and milk drinks, sweets, potatoes, cheeses and meat, butter, creams, and oil. The studied women reported no change in nutritional preferences and nutritional behavior during the post-menopausal period but 75% of surveyed women noticed a body weight change. The analysis of products’ consumption frequency did not reveal any actual impact on increased risk of becoming overweight or obese in the studied group of women (OR [95% CI], p > 0.05). Conclusions The development of overweight and obesity probably did not depend on the frequency of consumption of foodstuffs; however, the place of residence and professional activity could be significant.

The effect of discretionary snack consumption on overall energy intake, weight status, and diet quality: A systematic review

“…Anyżewska et al, 40 in a sample of male Polish Army personnel, reported no association between chocolate, chocolate candies, and candy bars; non‐chocolate candies; biscuits and cakes; ice cream and pudding; and salty snacks with BMI or a fat mass index. In a population of post‐menopausal Polish women, Górna et al, 48 observed that the frequency of consumption of sweet or salty DSs, which ranged from less than twice per month to at least six times a day, was not associated with the development of overweight or obesity. Despite 95% of a study population of Canadian University students consuming DSs, Brunt et al 42 reported no relationship between sweet baked goods, salty snacks, candy, and BMI.…”

“…Although two studies reported higher EIs derived from a measure of DS consumption in individuals living with obesity compared to those without, 18,41 in studies investigating the effects of DS intake, portion size, and frequency, on various aspects of weight status, the results varied considerably. Among adults nine cross‐sectional studies, 15,40,42,48–50,56,57,59 indicated there was no relationship between a measure of DS intake and weight status, whereas five studies 15,18,46,59,62 reported a positive relationship, and four studies 47,49,54,57 indicated an inverse association. However, among the latter studies, the result was not maintained when excluding individuals with extreme weight categories 49 and was deemed not to be clinically significant in another 54 .…”

“…Most studies (n = 19) were conducted in the United States. 15,41,44,46,47,49,54,[56][57][58][63][64][65][68][69][70][73][74][75] Sixteen studies reported on participants living in European countries, 18,[38][39][40]45,48,[50][51][52][53]59,62,66,67,71,72 whereas two studies were reported in Australia, 60,61 two in Canada, 42,55 and one in Saudi Arabia. 43 Different studies reported data using a range of different foods as a measure of DS (Supplement 4).…”

“…Child or adolescent (hereafter referred to as children) populations were reported in 16 studies, 38,39,41,[43][44][45][51][52][53]55,57,60,61,67,69,71 whereas 23 studies reported on adult populations. 15,18,40,42,[46][47][48][49][50]54,56,57,59,[62][63][64][65][66]70,[72][73][74][75] One study, O'Neil et al 68 tracked behavior from childhood through to adulthood. Most studies (n = 19) were conducted in the United States.…”

“…Fourteen adult studies 15,18,40,42,[46][47][48][49][50]54,56,57,59,62 and 13 child studies 38,39,41,[43][44][45][51][52][53]55,58,60,61 reported cross-sectional data considering the relationship between DSs and weight outcomes. Among adult populations, five studies 15,18,46,59,62 reported positive associations between consumption of DSs and weight status.…”