Influence of the preparation method of sulfated zirconia nanoparticles for levulinic acid esterification

Abstract

Zirconia nanomaterials were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis with or without template and were modified by post synthesis method with sulfate groups. The materials were thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TG analysis and XPS spectroscopy. The catalytic performance of nanosized mesoporous ZrO2 catalysts and their sulfated modifications was studied in levulinic acid (LA) esterification with ethanol. The sulfate group's dispersion was predetermined by the use of template during the mesoporous zirconia synthesis. A relation between sulfate groups leaching and the applied synthesis conditions (with or without template) of the zirconia nanoparticles was found. Sulfated materials showed significantly higher activity compared to non-sulfated ones. Furthermore, it has been found that the presence of

Synthesis of Nickel-loaded Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst and Its Application for Converting Used Palm Cooking Oil to Gasoline via Hydrocracking Process

“…The other results show that a higher calcination temperature causes the decrease of acidity value because of the sulfate decomposition as a consequence of the decrease Brønsted and Lewis acid site in the SZ catalyst [30]. The amount of Ni that load in SZ 1.5-500 affects the acidity because Ni can increase the acidity of the catalyst.…”

Synthesis of SO₄^2–/ZrO₂ Solid Acid and Na₂O/ZrO₂ Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil

“…The lack of SO 4 2-/ZrO 2 catalysts are the limited surface area that affects the acidity, so some modifications are developed to increase the acidity of the catalyst. The physical and chemical properties of this catalyst are determined by the sulfation method [25]. Synthesis in hydrothermal conditions offers significant advantages, such as easily controlling particle size and morphology by optimizing synthesis parameters and conditions [26].…”

Preparation, Characterization, and Isomerization Catalytic Performance of Palladium Loaded Zirconium Hydroxide/Sulfated Zirconia

“…As we know, the structural and catalytic properties of the sulfated zirconia depend on many factors, such as the preparation of zirconium hydroxide precursor, the types of zirconium sources, the precursor concentration, and the types of precipitating agents, the sulfate species, and others. − Among all of the factors, the preparation of zirconia hydroxide could be considered as the most important one, which directly affected the structure and properties of sulfated zirconia. , In all of the preparation methods, the most commonly used one is the traditional precipitation method, using inorganic zirconium as the raw material and ammonium hydroxide or carbonyl diamide as the precipitator; and other methods, like the sol–gel method and the hydrothermal method, have been adopted in some special cases. , The hydrothermal method has been considered as a promising approach, owing to the changeable properties of zirconia hydroxide gel in different hydrothermal atmospheres.…”