Influence of Three Different Training Programs on Strength and Speed of a Limb Movement

Whitley, Jim D.; Smith, Leon E.

doi:10.1080/10671188.1966.10614746

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…This finding is in line with Rutherford and Jones (24) and provides empirical support for the suggestions of Rutherford (23) and Jones et al (13) that training programs reflect the acquisition of skill and that training improves such activation at the trained velocity. The improvements in movement speed are also consistent with previous reports (4,6,7,27,31). If the velocity of training were to be defined in terms of the actual velocity of the training movement, then the BPL group would be classified as a high-velocity training group, whereas the BPH group would be classified as a low-velocity training group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…That this hypothesis is not universal and that even within that consensus opinions differ as to the mechanisms underlying velocity-specific adaptations is attested to by the literature. A number of studies, for example, have shown that an increase in maximal dynamic muscle strength [one repetition maximum (1 RM)] in a well-defined movement is followed by an increase in the velocity of the same movement (4,6,7,27,31). Although these studies point to the possibility of increasing movement speeds by using heavy-resistance training, they do not discuss this possibility from a movement or velocity specificity of training point of view.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Coordination, the determinant of velocity specificity?

Almåsbakk

Hoff

1996

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Initial strength gains were examined in the context of learning a new skill. Forty female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four groups: a bench-press training group utilizing heavy loads in its training, a bench-press training group utilizing almost no load, an alternative training group using different exercises, or a control group that did not train. Training period was 6 wk, with three training sessions per week. Emphasis was put on keeping the coordination and muscular adaptation demands in the bench-press groups as invariant as possible. Bench-press training with a light or with a heavy weight was shown to be equally effective in improving the maximal velocity of contraction for a given absolute resistance. Mean velocity with loads of 0.37, 6.6, 16.6, and 20 kg improved by 21.1, 15.8, 16.9, and 19.5%, respectively. No significant differences in the percent improvement at the four different loads were apparent, indicating that no significant velocity-specific adaptations were present. The bench-press training group, utilizing heavy loads in its training, was the only group with improved one repetition maximum. Overall, findings point to the development of coordination as the determining factor in early velocity-specific strength gains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

Coordination, the determinant of velocity specificity?

Almåsbakk

Hoff

1996

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…An r of .41 was obtained between concentric contraction force and contraction MT and an I. of .24 between concentric contraction force and eccentric MT. These low correlations are similar to the predominantly low correlations previously reported (Smith, 1968(Smith, , 1969Whitley & Smith, 1966) between strength and MT; they provide further support for the specificity of the relation between individuals in ability to perform motor coordinations. It can be seen in Table 1 that the reliabilities (Ebel intraclass method) for the four experimental variables were quite high in that values ranged from .86 to .96.…”

Section: Individual Diffe~encessupporting

confidence: 88%

Speed of Muscular Contraction

Smith

1970

Percept Mot Skills

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Individual differences berween concentric forearm strength of 27 college men and concentric MT, eccentric MT and strength contraction MT were found to be low. The speed to contract skeletal muscle is influenced by muscle length and the degree and type of contraction. Concentric forearm speed was more rapid than eccentric speed of movement.Fundamental questions have not been resolved concerning individual differences and relationships between strength and speed of muscular contraction. METHODTwenty-seven college men, with an average age of 2 1 yr., completed four tests. Concentric StrengthS sat in a dentist chair which could be adjusted for individual differences in trunk height and leg length. He rested the dorsal side of his upper arm horizontally on the resting table and a stabilizer strap was placed around his arm proximal to the elbow joint. With his vertical forearm set at an angle 90' with his upper arm, a sponge lined cuff ( A ) was looped firmly around his wrist. (See Fig. 1.) The center of the cuff was located on his wrist 81/2 in. above the surface of the table. Attached to the cuff was a cable which connected to the hook of a calibrated Chatillon Spring Dynamometer (B). S grasped the arm of the chair with his nonpreferred hand, and with head and feet firmly braced against a support, he completed three concentric (flexion) strength trials with approximately 1 min. rest intervals interspersed berween maximal contractions. Concentric Strength Movement T i m eAs shown in Fig. 1, attached to the spring scale pointer was a vertical steel pin ( C ) . On each side of the horizontal dynamometer spring were three wooden blocks (D, E, F) which could move freely along the base support ( G ) . Loosely pivoted to the top of each block were three short arms ( H I, J ) , which retracted when contacted by the spring scale pointer ( C ) . When the arms (wooden dowels) were in a horizontal position they depressed microswitches which were attached to the side of each of the three movable blocks. Each of the three microswitches was connected to two Standard Electric .Ol-sec. timers (K, L, M ) . Sitting in the same position as described for the measurement of concentric strength, with the upper arm-forearm angle at 150°, at the onset of a stimulus light S flexed his arm at maximal speed against the dynamometer.To assure that each S would reach a reading on the dynamometer near his maximal strength the upper arm ( J ) was moved opposite to a reading on the

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“…Masley, et al (1953), Clarke and Henry (1961), Chui (1964), Smith ( 1964), Alexander, et al ( 1964), Smith and Whitley ( 1965 ) , Thompson and Martin (1965), and Whitley and Smith (1966) have shown that weight training has facilitated speed of movement. However, Pierson and Rasch (1962) did not observe a decrease in MT with an increze in strength.…”

Section: Increased Strength Reaction Time a N D Speed Of Limb Movemementioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Strength, Reaction Time and Speed of LIMB Movement

Smith

1970

Percept Mot Skills

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81 young male adults participated in a 6-wk. X 7 days a week myotatic and isometric strength training program. Associated with strength increments myotatic practice proved to be superior to the isometric program relative to improvement of movement time (MT) in the experimental leg and contralateral transfer to the control limb. As a result of isometric exercises reaction time (RT) was decreased and was transferred more effectively than in the myotatic group although there was a loss of speed of movement in both limbs following isometric training. Correlations between R T and MT with pretraining strength and strength increment scores showed a high degree of specificity of relationship of individual differences.In a recent study Smith (1969b) reported that, as the result of a myotatic stretch training program, there was a considerable increase in strength and also an associated contralateral transfer of strength to the control limb. A search of the literature revealed thac chere have been no studies concerning the influence of myotatic strength training upon speed of limb movement ( M T ) and RT. Also, no investigator has studied the effect of strengthening a limb with the possibility of contralateral transfer of RT and MT to the nonexercised limb. have shown that weight training has facilitated speed of movement. However, Pierson and Rasch (1962) did not observe a decrease in MT with an increze in strength. Also, Baer, Gersten, Robertson, and Dinken (1955) reported thac R T became slower'as a result of isotonic exercise, and Clarke and Henry ( 1961) demonstrated that chere were no significant changes in R T following a strength program. Strength Training ProgramEighty-one male inmates, w i t h a mean age of 22 yr., were randomly divided into three groups, myotatic, isometric, and control. S lay in a supine position with his legs extending over the edge of the testing table. Static strength ( 3 trials) was measured on each leg at four angles (90°, 115", 135', and 160') with a cable tensiometer.

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Influence of Three Different Training Programs on Strength and Speed of a Limb Movement

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Coordination, the determinant of velocity specificity?

Coordination, the determinant of velocity specificity?

Speed of Muscular Contraction

Increased Strength, Reaction Time and Speed of LIMB Movement

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