Influences of alkyl group chain length and polar head group on chemical skin permeation enhancement

Structure–Activity Relationship for Chemical Skin Permeation Enhancers: Probing the Chemical Microenvironment of the Site of Action

“…Unlabeled CS (Sigma Chemical Company) was recrystallized in 100% ethanol as described previously. 11 The 1-alkyl-2-piperidinones (1-butyl-, 1-hexyl-, and 1-octyl-2-piperidinone) and the 1-alkyl-2-azacycloheptanones (1-butyl-, 1-hexyl-, and 1-octyl-2-azacycloheptanone) were synthesized at the Chemical Synthesis Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT). 1,2-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate and 1,2-dihydroxypropyl decanoate were purchased from Larodan Fine Chemicals (Malmö, Sweden), and n-octyland n-decyl-b-D-glucopyranosides were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company.…”

“…Kim et al 9 and Yoneto et al 10 investigated the permeation enhancement of steroidal molecules in hairless mouse skin (HMS) SC induced by n-alkanols and by the 1-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones, respectively, in their aqueous solutions. Later, Warner et al 11 conducted similar HMS permeation experiments with corticosterone (CS) as the model permeant and with the 1,2-alkanediols and N,N-dimethylalkanamides as the enhancers. The significant outcome of these studies was that the enhancer potencies (based on the aqueous concentration of the enhancer) of all four homologous series as HMS permeation enhancers of the lipoidal pathway were essentially the same when compared at equal n-alkyl chain lengths.…”

Enhancing the in vivo transdermal delivery of gold nanoparticles using poly(ethylene glycol) and its oleylamine conjugate

“…19,20 More specifically, enhancing SC permeability by targeting specific SC lipids has long been the strategy used in the design of transdermal systems. 21,22 Silver-and gold-based metal nanoparticles have been shown in the literature to permeate the skin. However, due to different experimental parameters and the limited number of studies, a definite conclusion regarding their permeation ability cannot be drawn with simplicity.…”

In Vitro Percutaneous Penetration of Acyclovir from Solvent Systems and Carbopol 971-P Hydrogels: Influence of Propylene Glycol

“…Some mechanism suggested: increased thermodynamic activity, 17,21 increased skin/vehicle partitioning of the drug 5 and alteration of barrier property by interacting with skin components. 12,23,31 Its effects are more evident when the horny layer is not fully hydrated because the water, which itself is an effective accelerant, masks the enhancing ability of PG. 13,34 The objective of this study was to get an insight on the effects of PG on the in vitro penetration of ACV through a synthetic membrane and human epidermis from two types of vehicles, solvent systems and Carbopol gels, with the aim of investigating the contributions of several proposed mechanisms of action for this co-solvent (PG).…”