Influences of Heredity and Environment on Alkaloidal Phenotypes in Solanaceae

Solomon, Mark J.; Crane, F.A.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600591131

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…An individual's fitness is essentially determined by the number of surviving offspring produced during its lifetime. Rhoades (1979) observed that chemical defenses are costly in terms of fitness to organisms because secondary substances are the end product of energydemanding synthesis (Solomon and Crane 1970), and it is reasonable to assume that there has been positive selection for their production. Common sense predicts that intraorganism defenses should be allocated in direct proportion to the risk of the particular tissue and the value of that tissue in terms of fitness loss to the organism resulting from attack on that tissue.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tremorgenic indole metabolites and aflatoxins in sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus: an evolutionary perspective

Wicklow¹,

Cole²

1982

Can. J. Bot.

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Isolates of Aspergillus flavus Link from both cool and warm latitudes were cultured on potato dextrose agar containing yeast extract to identify sclerotia-producing strains. Chloroform–MeOH extracts of sclerotia were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins and major indole metabolites (e.g., cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and dihydroxyaflavinine). Aflatoxin is reported from sclerotia of A. flavus for the first time. Cyclopiazonic acid was detected primarily in sclerotia of isolates from warmer latitudes. Aflatrem and dihydroxyaflavinine were detected in sclerotia from 85% of the strains examined. These metabolites are associated with the sclerotial stage of the life cycle, because neither were detected in extracts of the culture medium and mycelium of Petri dish cultures from which all the sclerotia were removed. Geographic variation and intrafungal allocation of these toxic compounds in A. flavus are examined from the evolutionary ecologist's perspective of selective forces shaping the chemical defense systems of fungi.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tremorgenic indole metabolites and aflatoxins in sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus: an evolutionary perspective

Wicklow¹,

Cole²

1982

Can. J. Bot.

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“…In view of the physiological costs associated with the production and maintenance of allelochemicals (Soloman and Crane, 1970;Levin, 1976), defense systems may be seriously compromised when plants are stressed, and thus plants under stress should be preferentially attacked by herbivores (Rhoades, 1979(Rhoades, , 1983(Rhoades, , 1985Wright et al, 1979;Waring and Pitman, 1983). For example, grand firs, Abies grandis (Douglas) (Pinaceae), that have been defoliated by folivores can no longer maintain adequate monoterpene production.…”

Section: Avoiding Defenses In Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most, if not all, plant chemicals which function as antiherbivore defenses are synthesized from smaller molecules at some energetic cost (Soloman and Crane, 1970;Levin, 1976). These costs are often reflected by the inverse relationship between the quantity of defensive compounds in plants and plant fitness (Mothes, 1960(Mothes, , 1976Hanover, 1966;Foulds and Grime, 1972;Pimentel, 1976;Tester, 1977).…”

Section: Overwhelming Plant Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

Brattsten¹,

Ahmad²

1987

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All rights reservedNo part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Thanks to the meticulous and enthusiastic work of insect collectors and taxonomists over the past hundred years and more, we have today a large amount of information on the feeding habits and life styles of several hundred thousands of insect species.Insects that feed on plants during at least one of their life stages constitute about half of the three-quarters of a million described species. Their numbers both in terms of species and individuals together with their small but macroscopic sizes makes the insect-plant biological interface perhaps the most conspicuous, diverse and largest assemblage of intimate interspecies interactions in existence. It is also perhaps the most important biological interface because of the plants' role as primary producers upon which all other forms of earthly life depend, thereby bringing herbivorous insects occasionally into direct competition with human food and fiber production.Early enthusiasm revealed many remarkable specializations and associations between insects and plants, and occasionally assigned chemical mediators for them. However, the modern practices of large scale crop protection by synthetic pesticides and their attendant problems, particularly with resistance in "pests" and destruction of natural enemies, have been in large measure responsible for drawing our attention to the mechanisms whereby plants control insect populations and insects adapt to the plants' defenses.These practices have also brought home the importance of chemical mediators in practically all aspects of insect activities and, in particular, the importance of plant allelochemicals in maintaining and balancing insect-plant associations.There are about 20,000 identified allelochemicals to date, estimated to be between ten and 50 percent of all possible such non-nutrient chemicals.Most of these have biological activity, mostly uncharacterized, when accumulated in sufficiently high concentrations.Many are acutely toxic to insects and other animals. A few have been used successfully for insect control and as drugs; more importantly, however, plant allelochemicals continue to provide model structures for the development of synthetic insecticides and drugs.With the recent availability of high-resolution analytical instruments, natural history is rapidly turning into a modern, multidisciplinary biological science. The elucidation of the mechanisms which maintain the observed ecological equilibria in the insect-plant interface provide fascinating work and rich intellectual rewards. It is also necessary to understand these interactions for purposes of local food and fiber production, the premise being that understanding the molecular details of insect adaptations to plant allelochemicals may allow manipulations of those mechanisms for crop protec...

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Behavioral Adaptations in Insects to Plant Allelochemicals

Tallamy

1986

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

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Influences of Heredity and Environment on Alkaloidal Phenotypes in Solanaceae

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Tremorgenic indole metabolites and aflatoxins in sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus: an evolutionary perspective

Tremorgenic indole metabolites and aflatoxins in sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus: an evolutionary perspective

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

Behavioral Adaptations in Insects to Plant Allelochemicals

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