Influences of maternal smoking and fetal sex on maternal serum oestriol, prolactin, hCG, and hPl levels

Bremme, Katarina; Lagerström, Monica; Andersson, Ola; Johansson, Staffan; Eneroth, P.

doi:10.1007/bf02390666

Cited by 29 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Factors of importance to low birth weight and small-for-gestational age are maternal smoking during pregnancy (Bremme et al, 1990) and socioeconomic factors (Drillien et al, 1980). Our data contain no records on maternal smoking, but the higher frequency of LBW children in low SES was evident.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

School performance and IQ‐test scores at age 13 as related to birth weight and gestational age

Lagerström

Bremme

Eneroth

et al. 1991

Scandinavian J Psychology

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The cohort in the present longitudinal research program consisted of 873 children in an entire school grade, in a Swedish community. The present results showed a main effect of birth weight; low birth weight (LBW) children had lower school performance and intelligence-test (IQ) scores at age 13 than did normal birth weight (NBW) children irrespective of parental SES. Second, there was no significant main effect of gestational age (GA) on scholastic performance and IQ-test scores. Third, there was a significant main effect of the combination of birth weight and GA on scholastic performance and IQ-test scores. The LBW children born at term (38-40 pregnancy weeks; pw) had significantly lower scores and school grades as compared to the control group while the LBW children born with short gestational age (34-37 pw) and with very short gestational age (less than 34 pw) had significantly lower scores and marks in fewer areas of academic attainment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

School performance and IQ‐test scores at age 13 as related to birth weight and gestational age

Lagerström

Bremme

Eneroth

et al. 1991

Scandinavian J Psychology

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“…Most papers report that cord blood cortisol, oestriol and DHEAS are not significantly different between male and female fetuses (Haning et al 1989;Simmons et al 1994;Hercz et al 1989;Furuhashi et al 1982;Bremme and Eneroth 1983;Bremme et al 1990;McDowell et al 1988;Lagerstrom et al 1990;Bazzett et al 1998;Ficicioglu and Kutlu 2003) with only one article indicating that cord blood oestriol was higher in females than males (Troisi et al 2003b). Direct measurements of cord blood concentrations may not provide informative details of whether there are sex-specific differences in fetal HPA function and more information may be obtained by relating HPA function to outcome.…”

Section: Hpa Functionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal asthma during pregnancy on placental glucocorticoid metabolism and fetal growth

Clifton

2005

Cell Tissue Res

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Human pregnancy is associated with sexually dimorphic differences in mortality and morbidity of the fetus with the male fetus experiencing the poorest outcome following complications such as pre-eclampsia, pre-term delivery and infection. The physiological mechanisms that confer these differences have not been well characterised in the human. Work conducted on the effect of maternal asthma during pregnancy, combining data collected from the mother, placenta and fetus has found some significant sex-related mechanistic differences associated with fetal growth in both normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by asthma. Specifically, sexually dimorphic differences have been found in placental glucocorticoid metabolism in male and female fetuses of normal pregnancies. In response to the presence of maternal asthma, only the female fetus alters placental glucocorticoid metabolism resulting in decreased growth. The male fetus does not alter placental function or growth in response to maternal asthma. As a result of the alterations in glucocorticoid metabolism in the female, downstream changes occur in pathways regulated by glucocorticoids. These data suggest that the female fetus adjusts placental function and reduces growth to compensate for maternal disease. However, the male fetus continues to grow in response to maternal asthma with no changes in placental function. This response by the male fetus may partially contribute to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in this sex.

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“…Also, it appears that the maternal endocrine equilibrium is disturbed by smoking. This is shown by decreased maternal serum levels of placental lactogen (hPL) and chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in pregnancies with female fetuses and decreased concentrations of oestriol and prolactin (PRL) in pregnancies with male fetuses (Bremme et al, 1990). A reduction in fetal trophoblast metabolites, that pass into the serum of the smoking mothers, has been reported by other investigators (Bernstein et al, 1989;Cuckle et al, 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

Prolactin, growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor‐l in newborn children of smoking mothers*

Beratis¹,

Varvarigou²,

Makri³

et al. 1994

Clinical Endocrinology

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Influences of maternal smoking and fetal sex on maternal serum oestriol, prolactin, hCG, and hPl levels

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

School performance and IQ‐test scores at age 13 as related to birth weight and gestational age

School performance and IQ‐test scores at age 13 as related to birth weight and gestational age

Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal asthma during pregnancy on placental glucocorticoid metabolism and fetal growth

Prolactin, growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor‐l in newborn children of smoking mothers*

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