Prolactin, growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor‐l in newborn children of smoking mothers*

Beratis, Nicholas G.; Varvarigou, Anastasia; Makri, Maria; Vagenakis, Apostolos G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02465.x

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is known that both fetoplacental [16] and maternal [17,18] hormones participate in fetal growth. Also, maternal smoking affects the endocrine status of the fetus [19][20][21][22] , and the reported increased blood pressure in neonates and infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy [23,24] is most probably of endocrine origin. The reduced concentrations of leptin [21] measured in the cord blood of both preterm and term newborns of mothers who smoked could be associated with the fetal growth restriction of these neonates [25] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Maternal Smoking on Birth Size: Effect of Parity and Sex Dimorphism

Varvarigou

Asimakopoulou²,

Beratis³

2008

Neonatology

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Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes a delay of intrauterine growth. Objective: To examine the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on fetal growth in relationship to maternal parity, age and number of cigarettes smoked/day, and offspring’s gender. Subjects: We studied 2,108 term newborns (1,102 male, 1,006 female) delivered at the General University Hospital of Patras from 1994 to 2004. The 1,443 were born to mothers who did not smoke and 665 to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Methods: Birth weight, length and head circumference were measured prospectively in all newborns. Also, maternal smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked per day, age, and parity were recorded. For the analysis, t test, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman rank correlation, and factorial MANOVA with covariates were used. Results: With increasing parity, in the neonates of nonsmoking mothers there was a gradual increase of growth, whereas in neonates of smoking mothers there was a gradual decrease of growth. This effect was more pronounced in males. A significant negative main effect on growth resulted from the interaction of smoking with parity (p = 0.013), and with gender and parity (p = 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between number of cigarettes smoked per day and growth, the strength of which increased with parity, mainly in males. Conclusion: Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes a delay in fetal growth, which is greater in male offspring, an effect that is enhanced with parity but is independent of maternal age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Maternal Smoking on Birth Size: Effect of Parity and Sex Dimorphism

Varvarigou

Asimakopoulou²,

Beratis³

2008

Neonatology

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“…Beratis et al [26] claimed that maternal tobacco smoking causes increased levels of PRL, hGH and IGF-I in fetuses. IGFs in the maternal circulation apparently do not cross the placenta into the fetal circulation [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Smoking on Serum and Milk of Mothers, and Their Infants’ Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Levels

Ermiş

Altınkaynak

Yıldırım³

et al. 2004

Horm Res Paediatr

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Objective: To investigate the serum and milk in active-smoking and nonsmoking mothers, and their infants’ insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels. Design and Setting: A cohort study conducted at a tertiary medical center. Subjects: Forty-four mothers (age range: 21–34 years) and their newborns (7 days old) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the active-smoking mothers (n = 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n = 23). Results: There was no difference noted in either IGF-I, IGFBP-3 or IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratios in serum and milk of mothers, and their infants’ serum samples according to maternal smoking. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that maternal smoking (5–10 cigarettes/day) did not influence the maternal and infant serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 as well as the breast milk levels of these peptides.

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“…Increased levels of prolactin, GH and IGF-I are observed which are more pronounced between 30 and 37 weeks of gestation than at term (53). The most pausible explanation of hormonal abnormalities in neonates of smoking mothers is foetal distress due to underperfusion of the foetoplacental unit and acute decreases of placental blood flow associated with smoking.…”

Section: Pituitary Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders

Kapoor¹,

Jones²

2005

eur j endocrinol

225

178

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Smoking has multiple effects on hormone secretion, some of which are associated with important clinical implications. These effects are mainly mediated by the pharmacological action of nicotine and also by toxins such as thiocyanate. Smoking affects pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testicular and ovarian function, calcium metabolism and the action of insulin. The major salient clinical effects are the increased risk and severity of Graves' hyperthyroidism and opthalmopathy, osteoporosis and reduced fertility. Smoking also contributes to the development of insulin resistance and hence type 2 diabetes mellitus. An important concern is also the effect of smoking on the foetus and young children. Passive transfer of thiocyanate can cause disturbance of thyroid size and function. Furthermore, maternal smoking causes increased catecholamine production, which may contribute to under perfusion of the foetoplacental unit.European Journal of Endocrinology 152 491-499

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Prolactin, growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor‐l in newborn children of smoking mothers*

Abstract: The findings indicate that the maternal tobacco-smoking causes disturbances of the endocrine status of the fetus, as shown by the increased levels of PRL, hGH and IGF-I, which are more pronounced between 30 and 37 weeks of gestation than at term.

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

Impact of Maternal Smoking on Birth Size: Effect of Parity and Sex Dimorphism

Impact of Maternal Smoking on Birth Size: Effect of Parity and Sex Dimorphism

Influence of Smoking on Serum and Milk of Mothers, and Their Infants’ Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Levels

Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders

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