Influences of sex, group size, and spatial position on vigilance behavior of Przewalski’s gazelles

Shi, Jing; Li, Diqiang; Xiao, Wei

doi:10.1007/s13364-010-0001-1

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We discarded observation bouts whose duration was <5 min (e.g., Shi, Li, & Xiao, ). Overall, we collected 642 focal animal bouts, which were analysed through generalised linear models and generalised linear mixed models (Zuur, Ieno, Walker, Saveliev, & Smith, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To scan or not to scan? Occurrence of the group‐size effect in a seasonally nongregarious forager

Fattorini

Ferretti

2019

Ethology

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Group‐living requires a compromise between safety and direct/indirect costs for individuals. The larger is the group, the greater is the collective vigilance, leading to a greater net food intake per forager because of the time saved individually from scanning behaviour. In turn, individual alertness usually decreases with increasing group size (“group‐size effect”). Information on the occurrence of group‐size effect is still unclear. Previous studies have shown that it may fail to occur or even reverse, for example when costs of interference between conspecifics are high. In turn, assessing whether the group‐size effect would occur in weakly or seasonally gregarious species may help to understand its drivers. We evaluated the occurrence and the extent of group‐size effect in a seasonally nongregarious herbivore, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus. We examined the roles of sex/age class and season as drivers of vigilance behaviour. In roe deer, the group‐size effect did not depend on sex/age class: time spent foraging increased with increasing group size; in turn, vigilance increased with decreasing group size, in all sex/age classes. Females with fawns were the most vigilant sex/age class, thus revealing the cost of offspring protection. Accordingly, the higher spring vigilance levels of does could be related to reproductive costs (e.g., defence of newborn fawns). Conversely, the greater summer vigilance of bucks could result from patrolling/defence of territories. Both adult males and females also showed the higher vigilance in winter, likely because of an increase in the perception of predation risk and/or, possibly, hormones linked to an increase in intolerance of conspecifics, in males. However, the group‐size effect occurred in all the seasons, for adult males and females. Our findings suggest that foraging benefits provided by the group‐size effect may have overcome costs of group‐living, even in a weakly gregarious forager.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To scan or not to scan? Occurrence of the group‐size effect in a seasonally nongregarious forager

Fattorini

Ferretti

2019

Ethology

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“…Other studies have reported greater vigilance levels in males than in females (e.g. guanaco Lama guanicoe: Marino and Baldi 2008;vicuña Vicugna vicugna: Vilá and Cassini 1994; impala Aepyceros malampus: Shorrocks and Cokayne 2005; Tibetan gazelle Procapra picticaudata: Li and Jang 2008; Przewalski's gazelle Procapra przewalskii: Shi et al 2011; plains zebra Equus bruchellii: Simpson et al 2012). However, many of these studies have been conducted during the mating season, when territorial males, or males holding a harem, are expected to spend long periods watching the females and looking out for rival males (Shorrocks and Cokayne 2005;Lung and Childress 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex/age differences in foraging, vigilance and alertness in a social herbivore

et al. 2018

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Antipredator strategies and social factors may influence vigilance behaviour in herbivores. Vigilance can differ between sex/age classes, but information is contradictory in the existing literature. We investigated sex/age differences of vigilance in fallow deer Dama dama, in a Mediterranean area. Females (> 1 year old) showed a lower proportion of time foraging and a greater alertness rate than males (≥ 1 years old). Decrease of vigilance with increasing group size was observed for females and adult males, but not for young and subadult males, suggesting that group-size effects on vigilance were not consistent across individuals of different sex/age classes. Most likely, females tended to reduce the predation risk for their offspring through a comparatively greater duration and frequency of vigilance. Young/subadult males showed a greater alertness than adult males, which may depend on intraspecific competition in larger groups. Both antipredator and social factors could explain sex/age differences of vigilance in fallow deer.

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“…It is acknowledged that males tend to spend more of their time being vigilant compared to their female counterparts [21,29]. Similar observations have been witnessed in impala (e.g., [27,28]), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis,e.g., [30]), gazelles (Procapra picticaudata e.g., [31,32]), ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua,e.g., [33]), among others. However, contrary to our findings, Burger and Gochfeld [34] reported no significant differences in the levels of vigilance in male and female springbok.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity Budgets of Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Closed Environments: The Mukuvisi Woodland Experience, Zimbabwe

Muposhi

Muvengwi

Beven

et al. 2013

International Journal of Biodiversity

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Activity pattern plasticity in ungulates serves as an evolutionary adaptation to optimize fitness in inconsistent environments. Given that time is a limited and valuable resource for foraging wildlife species, provisioning and attraction may affect the activity pattern plasticity and reduce complexities of time partitioning for different activities by impala in closed environments. We assessed activity budgets of free-ranging impala social groups in a closed environment. Social group type had an influence on the activity budgets of impala except for foraging and moving activity states. Both the harem and bachelor groups spent more than 30% of their daily time foraging. Bachelor groups spent more time exhibiting vigilance tendencies than the harem groups. Season influenced the activity budgets of social groups other than vigilance and foraging activity states. Foraging time was highly correlated with vigilance, resting, and grooming. We concluded that provisioning and attraction may have reduced the influence of seasonality on the proportion of time spent on different activity states by impala social groups. There is a need to establish long-term socioecological, physiological, and reproductive consequences of provisioning and habituation on impala under closed environments.

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Influences of sex, group size, and spatial position on vigilance behavior of Przewalski’s gazelles

Cited by 23 publications

References 43 publications

To scan or not to scan? Occurrence of the group‐size effect in a seasonally nongregarious forager

To scan or not to scan? Occurrence of the group‐size effect in a seasonally nongregarious forager

Sex/age differences in foraging, vigilance and alertness in a social herbivore

Activity Budgets of Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Closed Environments: The Mukuvisi Woodland Experience, Zimbabwe

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