“…Similar results have been reported by other researchers for other ferroelectric thin films [14,15]. This was attributed to the different interaction strength between the substrates and the deposited atoms, and the different lattice mismatch between the substrates and BTS thin films, which directly influences the nucleation and growth dynamics [16]. It is likely that the LNO layer provides nucleation sites for the formation of the BTS grains, thus decreasing the nucleation energy for the perovskite phase.…”