Influences of trace mineral nutrition and maternal flock age on broiler embryo bone development

Abstract

At hatch, the chick skeleton is a miniature of that of the adult bird. The hen deposits calcium, phosphorus, and trace minerals (copper, zinc, and manganese) along with vitamin D into the egg to allow development of the embryonic skeleton. The main source of calcium is the eggshell, whereas phosphorus, trace minerals, and vitamin D are mainly derived from the yolk. Calcium is absorbed from the eggshell and transferred to the embryo and yolk through the chorioallantoic membrane, whereas phosphorus and trace minerals are simultaneously mobilized by the yolk sac membrane. These processes start at day 12 of incubation and peak at around day 17. While the eggshell provides a steady supply of calcium until 19 d of incubation, phosphorus and trace mineral reserves decrease considerably and minimal skeletal development occurs in the last 3 d of incubation. Whether the low levels of phosphorus and trace minerals at late incubation prevent further bone growth, or some other biological control exists preventing further mineralization towards hatching is unknown. Maternal transfer of minerals and the influence of trace mineral form in the hen diet to advance the state of skeletal development at hatch have received increased research attention. Minimal effects on yolk mineral composition and bone growth were observed in the offspring of hens fed different forms of trace minerals. Embryos from young hens had inferior bone development towards the end of incubation and at hatch relative to chicks from older hens. This effect is likely a consequence of limited egg nutrient resources in eggs from young hens. The influence of maternal nutrient transfer on embryonic bone development has been clearly established. However, attempts to increase the state of skeletal development at hatch through increasing egg mineral content have met with limited success. The focus of this paper is the relationship between skeletal mineralization of the chicken embryo throughout incubation and egg mineral supply.

Prediction and Effect of Maternal Marginal Zinc Deficiency on Development, Redox Status, and Gene Expression Related to Oxidation and Apoptosis of Embryos

“…Development and growth of poultry embryos are dependent upon the nutrient deposits in the eggs [19]. The yolk sac provides the chicken embryo with essential minerals nutrients for embryonic growth [20,21]. Zinc is an essential nutrients required in small amounts for normal growth and development of the avian embryo functioning as catalytic or structural cofactors in metal-containing enzymes [1].…”

Re/ Post-Hatch Nano-Zinc Supplementations Effects on Hatchability, Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Bone Characteristics and Physiological Status of Inshas Chicks

“…The highest phagocytic activities were observed in D30C60, D30C80, and D30C100 groups. DISCUSSIONS Zinc at adequate level plays serious roles in the overall performance of animals including poultry, as it involves in an assortment of biological systems and is the main component of a large number of enzymes (Akbari et al, 2016(Akbari et al, , 2018Torres and Korver, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018). Poultryrequirements of zinc range from 30 to 40 μg / kg depending on a number of factors, including species or breeds, age,environmental conditions, diet composition, supplementation levels, and forms (Burrell et al, 2004;Rossiet al, 2007;Roy et al, 2013).…”

Nouvelles stratégies alimentaires précoces au service de la production avicole

“…La vitamine E, indispensable pour la fertilité et le développement du cerveau, n'est efficace que si le sélénium est présent en quantité suffisante. Des minéraux tels que l'iode, le sélénium, le magnésium, le zinc, le cuivre ou le manganèse peuvent également être enrichis dans l'oeuf (Surai et Parks, 2001 ;Jiakui et Xialong, 2004 ;Chinrasri et al, 2013 ;Favero et al, 2013 ;Saunders-Blades et Korver, 2015 ;Torres et Korver, 2018). Le sélénium peut être augmenté d'un facteur 5 à 10 et sa teneur sera supérieure dans le blanc d'oeuf.…”