Influencing factors and drug application of iontophoresis in transdermal drug delivery: an overview of recent progress

Wang, Yu; Zeng, Lingyong; Song, Wenting; Liu, Jianping

doi:10.1007/s13346-021-00898-6

Cited by 91 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Another technique that is used to increase skin permeability is iontophoresis [ 71 ]. In iontophoresis, a mild current is generated between a cathode and an electrode on the skin surface.…”

Section: Transdermal Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Wertz

2021

IJMS

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PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial mammals, birds, and reptiles, the skin’s permeability barrier is provided by ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the outermost layers of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. This layer consists of about 10–20 layers of cornified cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It effectively prevents loss of water and electrolytes from the underlying tissue, and it limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. In the oral cavity, the regions of the gingiva and hard palate are covered by keratinized epithelia that much resemble the epidermis. The oral stratum corneum contains a lipid mixture similar to that in the epidermal stratum corneum but in lower amounts and is accordingly more permeable. The superficial regions of the nonkeratinized oral epithelia also provide a permeability barrier. These epithelial regions do contain ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which may underlie barrier function. The oral epithelial permeability barriers primarily protect the underlying tissue by preventing the penetration of potentially toxic substances, including microbial products. Transdermal drug delivery, buccal absorption, and lipid-related disease are discussed.

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“…Another technique that is used to increase skin permeability is iontophoresis [ 71 ]. In iontophoresis, a mild current is generated between a cathode and an electrode on the skin surface.…”

Section: Transdermal Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Wertz

2021

IJMS

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“…Similarly, it is important whether the compound is in neutral or ionic condition. Resveratrol in neutral condition was shown to have higher permeability than resveratrol in the ionized condition [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Use of Micro- and Nanocarriers for Resveratrol Delivery into and across the Skin in Different Skin Diseases—A Literature Review

Szulc-Musioł

Sarecka-Hujar

2021

Pharmaceutics

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In recent years, polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols play an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections, as well as vascular or skin diseases. Particularly, resveratrol, as a multi-potent agent, may prevent or mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. As the largest organ of the human body, skin is an extremely desirable target for the possible delivery of active substances. The transdermal route of administration of active compounds shows many advantages, including avoidance of gastrointestinal irritation and the first-pass effect. Moreover, it is non-invasive and can be self-administered. However, this delivery is limited, mainly due to the need to overpassing the stratum corneum, the possible decomposition of the substances in contact with the skin surface or in the deeper layers thereof. In addition, using resveratrol for topical and transdermal delivery faces the problems of its low solubility and poor stability. To overcome this, novel systems of delivery are being developed for the effective transport of resveratrol across the skin. Carriers in the micro and nano size were demonstrated to be more efficient for safe and faster topical and transdermal delivery of active substances. The present review aimed to discuss the role of resveratrol in the treatment of skin abnormalities with a special emphasis on technologies enhancing transdermal delivery of resveratrol.

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“…A recurring discussion concerning iontophoresis has been related to the magnitude of the drug dose (mg) delivered. It is generally considered that the delivered drug dose is directly dependent on electro-repulsion and correlates to the total electrical charge (in milliColoumb, mC) provided during iontophoresis [8,9]. However, other mechanisms of drug transportation have been shown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Dose-Response Analysis to Acetylcholine – Pharmacodynamic Assessment by Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy

Henricson

Sjöberg

Iredahl

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objective: Transdermal iontophoresis offers an in vivo alternative to the strain-gauge model for measurement of vascular function but is limited due to lack of technical solutions for outcome assessment. The aims of this study were to, after measurement by polarized reflectance spectroscopy (PRS), use pharmacodynamic dose-response analysis on responses to different concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh); and to examine the effect of three consecutively administered iontophoretic current pulses. Methods: The vascular responses in 15 healthy volunteers to iontophorised ACh (5 concentrations, range 0.0001% to 1%, three consecutive pulses of 0.02 mA for 10 minutes each) were recorded using PRS. Data were fitted to a four-parameter logistic dose response model and compared regarding ED50 values.Results: Vascular responses were quantifiable by PRS. Similar pharmacodynamic dose response curves (ED50 values) could be generated irrespectively of the ACh concentration. Linearly increasing maximum vasodilatory responses were registered with increasing concentration of ACh. A limited linear dose effect of the concentration of ACh was seen between pulses. Conclusions: Polarized reflectance spectroscopy is well suited for measuring vascular responses to iontophoretically administrated ACh. The results of this study support further development of iontophoresis as a method to study vascular function and pharmacological responses in vivo.

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Influencing factors and drug application of iontophoresis in transdermal drug delivery: an overview of recent progress

Cited by 91 publications

References 80 publications

Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa

The Use of Micro- and Nanocarriers for Resveratrol Delivery into and across the Skin in Different Skin Diseases—A Literature Review

In Vivo Dose-Response Analysis to Acetylcholine – Pharmacodynamic Assessment by Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy

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