Influenza A(H5N2) Virus Antibodies in Humans after Contact with Infected Poultry, Taiwan, 2012

Wu, Ho-Sheng; Yang, Ji-Rong; Liu, Ming‐Tsan; Yang, Chin-Hui; Cheng, Ming‐Chu; Chang, Feng–Yee

doi:10.3201/eid2005.131393

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A novel surveillance through social media [43] could be added to complement the weaknesses in lower reporting in colleges and universities. As more and more humans are infected with novel avian influenza viruses [44][45][46][47][48], our goal is to provide an alternative system to detect potentially pandemic threats from emerging infectious diseases of unknown etiological agents, particularly in rural areas near poultry farms where many zoonotic infections originated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011

et al. 2015

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School children may transmit pathogens with cluster cases occurring on campuses and in families. In response to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, Taipei City Government officials developed a School-based Infectious Disease Syndromic Surveillance System (SID-SSS). Teachers and nurses from preschools to universities in all 12 districts within Taipei are required to daily report cases of symptomatic children or sick leave requests through the SID-SSS. The pre-diagnosis at schools is submitted firstly as common pediatric disease syndrome-groups and re-submitted after confirmation by physicians. We retrieved these data from January 2010 to August 2011 for spatio-temporal analysis and evaluated the temporal trends with cases obtained from both the Emergency Department-based Syndromic Surveillance System (ED-SSS) and the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 (LHID2005). Through the SID-SSS, enterovirus-like illness (EVI) and influenza-like illness (ILI) were the two most reported syndrome groups (77.6% and 15.8% among a total of 19,334 cases, respectively). The pre-diagnosis judgments made by school teachers and nurses showed high consistency with physicians’ clinical diagnoses for EVI (97.8%) and ILI (98.9%). Most importantly, the SID-SSS had better timeliness with earlier peaks of EVI and ILI than those in the ED-SSS. Furthermore, both of the syndrome groups in these two surveillance systems had the best correlation reaching 0.98 and 0.95, respectively (p<0.01). Spatio-temporal analysis observed the patterns of EVI and ILI both diffuse from the northern suburban districts to central Taipei, with ILI spreading faster. This novel system can identify early suspected cases of two important pediatric infections occurring at schools, and clusters from schools/families. It was also cost-effective (95.5% of the operation cost reduced and 59.7% processing time saved). The timely surveillance of mild EVI and ILI cases integrated with spatial analysis may help public health decision-makers with where to target for enhancing surveillance and prevention measures to minimize severe cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011

et al. 2015

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“…Despite their phylogenetic distance from the current clade 2.3.4.4 H5 virus, the circulation and persistent presence of both HPAIV and LPAIV pathotypes in wild birds and poultry highlights the need for full genetic characterization of H5 viruses to better understand the evolution and potential origin of high-risk strains. This includes the risk to human health, as there have been reports of H5N2 virus of poultry origin infecting The genotyping was conducted using the influenza A virus genome segment genotyping tool, which is available at http://www.flugenome.org/genotyping.php humans [57,58], and we currently have little ability to predict pathogenicity from the viral sequence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Japan suggests multiple reassortment

et al. 2016

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Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 subtype can mutate to highly pathogenic forms, potentially destabilizing the poultry industry. Wild migratory birds are considered a natural reservoir of LPAIVs capable of dispersing both high-and low-pathogenic forms of the virus. Therefore, surveillance and characterization of AIV in wild birds are essential. Here, we report on the isolation and genetic characterization of 10 AIVs of the H5N2 subtype obtained through surveillance in Hokkaido, Japan, during 2009 and 2011. Fullgenome sequencing revealed that the H5 and N2 genes of these isolates are all closely related to each other, belonging to the Eurasian avian-like lineage, but they are unrelated to H5 highly pathogenic strains of clade 2.3.4.4. The internal genes of the isolates were found to be diverse, consistent with our hypothesis that these H5N2 strains have undergone multiple reassortment events. Even though all of the H5N2 isolates were characterized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequences at the HA cleavage site, this analysis demonstrates a diverse pool of precursors that may seed future outbreaks in poultry and possible human transmissions, suggesting the need for high-quality surveillance.

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“…Highly pathogenic forms of H5N2 have been reported in healthy wild waterfowl (Gaidet, et al 2008); they also caused extensive outbreaks in domestic poultry (Donatelli, et al 2001; Lee, et al 2005; Zhao, et al 2012; Lee, et al 2014), have been transmitted to pigs (Lee, et al 2009), and left serological evidence of human exposure (Ogata, et al 2008; Yamazaki, et al 2009; Okoye, et al 2013; Wu, et al 2014). In addition, an avian H2N1 (A/green-winged teal/Ohio/175/1986) virus, which exhibited low levels of polymerase activity in human cells, replicated better and had increased polymerase function in human cells after it had acquired a PA segment from a human H1N1 virus (Mehle, et al 2012) indicating that swapping polymerase segments could have strong effects on the viral phenotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A point mutation in the polymerase protein PB2 allows a reassortant H9N2 influenza isolate of wild-bird origin to replicate in human cells

Hussein

Eric

Hill

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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H9N2 influenza A viruses are on the list of potentially pandemic subtypes. Therefore, it is important to understand how genomic reassortment and genetic polymorphisms affect phenotypes of H9N2 viruses circulating in the wild bird reservoir. A comparative genetic analysis of North American H9N2 isolates of wild bird origin identified a naturally occurring reassortant virus containing gene segments derived from both North American and Eurasian lineage ancestors. The PB2 segment of this virus encodes 10 amino acid changes that distinguish it from other H9 strains circulating in North America. G590S, one of the 10 amino acid substitutions observed, was present in ∼12% of H9 viruses worldwide. This mutation combined with R591 has been reported as a marker of pathogenicity for human pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses. Screening by polymerase reporter assay of all the natural polymorphisms at these two positions identified G590/K591 and S590/K591 as the most active, with the highest polymerase activity recorded for the SK polymorphism. Rescued viruses containing these two polymorphic combinations replicated more efficiently in MDCK cells and they were the only ones tested that were capable of establishing productive infection in NHBE cells. A global analysis of all PB2 sequences identified the K591 signature in six viral HA/NA subtypes isolated from several hosts in seven geographic locations. Interestingly, introducing the K591 mutation into the PB2 of a human-adapted H3N2 virus did not affect its polymerase activity. Our findings demonstrate that a single point mutation in the PB2 of a low pathogenic H9N2 isolate could have a significant effect on viral phenotype and increase its propensity to infect mammals. However, this effect is not universal, warranting caution in interpreting point mutations without considering protein sequence context.

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Influenza A(H5N2) Virus Antibodies in Humans after Contact with Infected Poultry, Taiwan, 2012

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011

Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011

Genetic characterization of H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Japan suggests multiple reassortment

A point mutation in the polymerase protein PB2 allows a reassortant H9N2 influenza isolate of wild-bird origin to replicate in human cells

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