Influenza B viruses: underestimated and overlooked

Koutsakos, Marios; Kent, Stephen J.

doi:10.1071/ma21033

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Influenza B virus infection is a significant contributor to the overall influenza disease and economic burden, but remains understudied compared to FLUAV (6). Reinfection dynamics between the lineages have been previously modeled and cross-reactive humoral responses from both natural infection and seasonal vaccination have been described (21, 27, 38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although understudied compared to its FLUAV counterpart, FLUBV plays an essential role in the epidemiology of seasonal infections, accounting for approximately 25% of influenza cases and hospitalizations each season and circulates as the predominant influenza type in one of every seven seasons (3,4,(6)(7)(8). Further, in pediatric patients, the clinical severity of disease is worse for FLUBV infections compared to FLUAV, highlighting the importance of delineating FLUBV infection, reinfection dynamics, and the immune response(s) responsible (3,6,7,(9)(10)(11). Despite this, significant knowledge gaps persist for FLUBV, and while recent advances have expanded our understanding, considerable progress has yet to be made in unraveling the complexities of FLUBV infection and its impact on host immunity and public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, it complicates vaccine development and efficacy due to the expansion from bi- and tri-valent formulations to quadrivalent formulations to broaden the breadth of protection from seasonal vaccines (4, 5). Although understudied compared to its FLUAV counterpart, FLUBV plays an essential role in the epidemiology of seasonal infections, accounting for approximately 25% of influenza cases and hospitalizations each season and circulates as the predominant influenza type in one of every seven seasons (3, 4, 6–8). Further, in pediatric patients, the clinical severity of disease is worse for FLUBV infections compared to FLUAV, highlighting the importance of delineating FLUBV infection, reinfection dynamics, and the immune response(s) responsible (3, 6, 7, 9–11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Differential Cross-Protective Immunity is Elicited by Infection with Contemporary Influenza B Lineage Viruses

Page,

Shepard,

Ray

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Influenza B virus (FLUBV) significantly contributes to the influenza disease burden and has complicated vaccine development and efficacy, yet remains understudied compared to its counterpart, influenza A virus (FLUAV). Since its isolation in 1940, FLUBV has diverged into two antigenically distinct lineages: Victoria (B/Vic) and Yamagata (B/Yam). Recent human studies and epidemiological modeling reveal differences in immunity elicited by each FLUBV lineage, contributing to higher reinfection rates following B/Yam infection. To investigate disparities in FLUBV lineage cross-protection and immunity, we examined the effects of lineage-specific prior immunity on FLUBV reinfection dynamics. Mice were infected with representative B/Vic and B/Yam viruses from evolutionary distinct clades and subsequently reinfected with heterolineal viruses (i.e., B/Vic → B/Yam and B/Yam → B/Vic) to assess the extent of protection elicited between the lineages. Using this validated challenge model, we explored potential mechanisms underlying the asymmetric reinfection dynamics observed between the lineages. Our findings align with human observations, indicating that contemporary B/Vic viruses confer cross-protection against contemporary B/Yam infections, whereas contemporary B/Yam viruses do not provide the same degree of protection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that serum antibodies elicited by hemagglutinin vaccination cannot account for the observed heterolineal protection. Rather, antibodies targeting the viral neuraminidase (NA) may play a significant role in eliciting cross-protection to subsequent FLUBV infection. Our findings define asymmetric cross-protection resulting from contemporary FLUBV infection and suggest NA as a potential significant contributor to heterolineal FLUBV protection. This asymmetric immunity may also help explain the proposed extinction of B/Yam viruses since the COVID-19 pandemic.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Differential Cross-Protective Immunity is Elicited by Infection with Contemporary Influenza B Lineage Viruses

Page,

Shepard,

Ray

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The main hosts for IBV and ICV are humans, IBV may cause seasonal epidemics, while ICV causes only mild illness. IBV has been isolated from seals and pigs [4,5]; antibodies against IBV were also reported in dogs and horses [6,7]. ICV can occasionally infect cattle [8], dogs, and pigs [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals

Kwasnik,

Rola,

Rozek

2023

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus’ tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.

show abstract

“…[8][9][10] Despite the significant annual health and socioeconomic impacts of influenza B, it continues to be overlooked. [11] Due to this continuously changing nature of the virus, it can cause outbreaks that are initially localized before becoming an epidemic and eventually a pandemic. This study was undertaken to determine the proportion of cases caused by influenza A H1N1 and influenza B (in influenza A H1N1-negative samples) among those presenting with ILIs using qualitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using TaqMan-based assay.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of circulating Influenza A and B virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction at a tertiary care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Katta

Gopalakrishnan

Barani

et al. 2022

SRJHS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) caused by influenza A and influenza A H1N1 and to determine the proportion of influenza B in a smaller group of samples with ILIs and influenza A H1N1 negative by qualitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using TaqMan-based assay at a tertiary health-care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Material and Methods: Laboratory samples of participants from all age groups who had ILIs were included in this study. The study was conducted from January 2018 to January 2019 at a tertiary health-care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The sample size of the study was 1755. This is a cross-sectional study. RNA extraction was performed using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, U.S.A) as per the manufacturer instructions. The assay is a TaqMan®-based real-time detection of circulating novel influenza A H1N1 and H3N2. Real-time PCR for influenza B virus was performed in influenza A H1N1-negative patients using artus Infl/H1 LC/RG RT-PCR kit (Cat 4523003, Qiagen, Germany). Samples that had a crossing threshold value 15–35 cycles were considered positive. Results: The majority of the participants were in the pediatric and young adult age group (<30 years) (41%). The incidence of influenza was in the range of 32.34–41% up to 60 years. Beyond 60 years, the frequency of detection reduced to 25.9%, and in those above 71 years, it was 22.3%. About 45.4% (n = 798) were positive for influenza A, of which 32.7% (n = 575) were positive for influenza A H1N1. Both influenza A H1N1 and influenza A other than H1N1 incidence started to rise in September and spiked between October and December. Among patients with persistent ILI, screening for influenza B was done in 48 samples. Among 48 samples, 18% (n = 8) had influenza B. Conclusion: The need for increased vaccination is demonstrated through the high influenza A H1N1 positivity rate among pediatric patients with ILIs. Detection of influenza B among influenza A H1N1-negative individuals demonstrates the need for influenza B screening. Incidence of influenza is highest in cooler months. The implementation of vaccination against influenza before the beginning of the cooler seasons could possibly reduce the burden of influenza on the health-care system. The importance of surveillance for the continued screening of influenza could be expanded in the private sector as a majority of the disease burden is observed in that sector.

show abstract

Influenza B viruses: underestimated and overlooked

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

Differential Cross-Protective Immunity is Elicited by Infection with Contemporary Influenza B Lineage Viruses

Differential Cross-Protective Immunity is Elicited by Infection with Contemporary Influenza B Lineage Viruses

Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals

Detection of circulating Influenza A and B virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction at a tertiary care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About